Bipolar Junction Transistors: Operating Region, Characteristics, and Application
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) is a three terminal, two junction, non-linear semi-conductor device, that can amplify electronic signals. Emitter is highly doped, base is lightly doped and collector is moderately doped.
Operating Region of BJT
BJT can operate in four regions:
- Active Region: Emitter-Base Junction is Forward Biased (FB) and Collector-Base Junction is Reverse Biased (RB).
- Saturation Region: Emitter-Base Junction is Forward Biased (FB) and Collector-Base Junction is Forward Biased (FB).
- Cut-Off Region: Emitter-Base Junction is Reverse Biased (RB) and Collector-Base Junction is Reverse Biased (RB).
- Inverted Region: Emitter-Base Junction is Reverse Biased (RB) and Collector-Base Junction is Forward Biased (FB).
Characteristics of BJT
When two points (saturation point and cut off point) on the output characteristics of CE transistor are joined by a straight line, we get a dc load line. It is called a dc load line because its slope depends upon the load resistance Rc which is a dc load.
- Quiescent Point, Q-Point OR Operating Point is a point of the transistor (I CQ, V CEQ) at which it is biased.
- The concept of Q-Point is used when transistor is used as an Amplifier i.e. operate in active region of output characteristics.
- Q-Point is generally taken to be the Intersection Points of dc load line with the output characteristics of transistor.
Biasing of BJT
- For Base Bias: Q-Point is dependent on β which depends on Transistor, Ic and Temperature. Base Bias is a prototype used in the design of Switching Circuits.
- For Emitter Bias: Q-Point remains stable as Ic is independent of β. Emitter Bias is a prototype used in the design of Amplifying Circuits.
- Voltage Divider Bias: It is a most widely used biasing circuit. Base contains a voltage divider so it is called a voltage divider bias. Ic and Vce are independent of β, Hence Q-Point is independent of β.
BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier is a device which increases the current voltage OR power of an input signal with the help of transistor by producing additional power from a separate source of power supply.
- Amplifier must have high input impedance (ideally infinite) and low output impedance (ideally zero).
- The process of raising the strength of a weak signal without any change in its shape is called Amplification.
- The difference between the output and input waveform is called Distortion. Distortion can be reduced by reducing the peak to peak value of base voltage.
- Two Transistors Model (Ebers Mall Model) for a transistor used to simulates how it behaves when an ac signal is present.
- Emitter diode of transistor acts like an ac resistance r_e'.
- Collector diode acts like a current i_c.
- When the load draws current more than transistor amplifier capacity this event is called Loading. Loading Effect is caused by impedance matching.
Reference:
Albert Malvino and David J Bates, “Electronic Principles”, 7th Edition, TATA McGRAW HILL.
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