Facts About Electromagnetism

Facts: 

1. Any body which possesses the power of attracting pieces of iron called a Magnet. 
2. The property by virtue of which this attraction takes place is called Magnetism. 
3. The iron ore like magnetite, lodestone are called Natural Magnets.
4. Artificial Magnets are made artificially from iron, steel or alloy material. 
5. They can be prepared either by rubbing iron bars with a magnet OR By passing an electric current through the wire wound round of iron piece.
6. Artificial magnets are Electromagnets and the phenomenon is called Electromagnetism. 
7. Magnets used in electrical machines and equipment are of an artificial type and generally are horseshoe or U shaped.
8. Permanent magnets are prepared from hardened steel and certain alloys of Nickel and Cobalt. 
9. Alnico is a widely used alloy for making permanent magnets. 
10. Alnico extensively used in electrical instruments, earphones, loudspeaker, telephone receivers, small dc motors etc.
11. Temporary Magnets are prepared from soft iron or nickel. 
12. Temporary magnets are of more importance than permanent magnets. 
13. Temporary magnets have wide applications in the field of electrical generators, motors, relays etc.
14. The total number of lines of force in the magnetic field is called the Magnetic Flux (Ф in Weber). 
15. The concept of these flux lines are purely imaginary and was introduced by Faraday. 
16. It is a pictorial method of representing the distribution and density of a magnetic field.
17. Magnetic Flux Density is defined as the magnetic flux per unit area of surface at right angles to the magnetic field. 
18. Magnetic flux density is also known as Magnetic Induction (B, Wb/m2 or Tesla).
19. Measure of the degree to which the lines of force of magnetizing field can penetrate or permeate the medium is called the absolute Permeability of the medium (µ). 
20. The permeability of all non-magnetic materials including air is represented by µ = 4π x 10^-7 H/m.
21. At any point in a magnetic field, Field Strength or Field Intensity H is the force maintaining the magnetic flux and producing a particular value of flux density B at that point. 
22. Hence the field intensity H is the cause and the flux density B is the effect.
23. Ampere's Circuit Law obtain the relationship between current and field intensity H. where H = NI / 2πr
24. Biot-Savart's Law dH = (1/4π).(I dl Sinθ/r^2)
25. Magnetic field due to an Infinite Linear Conductor H = I / 2πr
26. Field Strength due to Circular Loop Bz = µIR^2 / 2(R^2+z^2)^3/2
27. At the center of the loop z = 0 B = µI/2R
28. A cylindrical coil closely wound with a large number of turns of insulated wire is called Solenoid. 
29. The magnetic field produced by the solenoid resemble more or less that of bar magnet.
30. Flux Density at the center of solenoid Bc = µNI/(4R^2+l^2)^1/2
31. Flux Density at the one end of solenoid Be = µNI/2(R^2+l^2)^1/2
32. For any elemental current element of length dl, the Force Experienced is given by dF = BIdl Sinθ
33. Electrical motors producing mechanical power works basically on Fleming's Left-Hand principle.
34. As such, the above relationship is very useful in the study of electrical engineering.

Reference:

V N Mittle and Arvind Mittal, "Basic Electrical Engineering," TATA McGRAW Hill, Tenth Reprint, 2009.

Author:

Paramjeet Singh Jamwal worked as a Lecturer in Electronics and Communication Engineering Department of Guru Nanak Education Trust (GNET) Group of Institutions, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India (2011-2013).