tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32058619420904561662024-03-22T16:14:05.334+05:30INFO4EEEInformation For Electrical and Electronics EngineeringINFO4EEEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15716081541699194282noreply@blogger.comBlogger237125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-35914399083684809962024-03-19T09:00:00.020+05:302024-03-21T17:08:10.579+05:30One Liner about Passive elements for RRB JE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAyQwqtqLFmoIKXZaAoXzWyCK6SHX3kaWMYfJ2nZ5YWUnlUWfl_80PHOuFFYlEtbOsVDvsMvyosjnu56ty63eW0yaS8TYiSOgIPH7qGoeIvFg7e1dWr3LzQ7Pjgkrf6MIFcLVudxJZJnlo5-aUeoxgy1534qNyPGHTwi5hGGmknAjNgK9k0ZzjJNZwlCyn/s1600/IMG-20240101-WA0001.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAyQwqtqLFmoIKXZaAoXzWyCK6SHX3kaWMYfJ2nZ5YWUnlUWfl_80PHOuFFYlEtbOsVDvsMvyosjnu56ty63eW0yaS8TYiSOgIPH7qGoeIvFg7e1dWr3LzQ7Pjgkrf6MIFcLVudxJZJnlo5-aUeoxgy1534qNyPGHTwi5hGGmknAjNgK9k0ZzjJNZwlCyn/w400-h225/IMG-20240101-WA0001.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"> Passive elements are those which require external energy sources for their operation. <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2021/12/all-about-resistors.html?m=1">Resistors</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2022/01/what-is-inductor.html?m=1">inductors</a> and <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2022/03/all-about-capacitors.html?m=1">capacitors</a> are examples of few passive elements. In this article one liner on passive elements will be discussed which are frequently asked in RRB JE exams.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Carbon Resistors are used in electric and electronic Circuits and equipments for power controlling and over current protection for low power rating (quarter, half and one watts). </p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Wire wound resistors are used for earth fault protection, motor starting over current protection and high Wattage motor speed controlling.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Unit of resistance is ohm or volt per ampere.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Reciprocal of resistance is conductance and unit of conductance is Mho or Siemens.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Resistors are power dissipative elements means they convert excess power into heat energy to limit the power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The total opposition offered to the flow of current in AC circuit is called Impedance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Power Factor of purely resistive load is Unity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Resistance is directly proportional to length and reversely proportional to area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Inductor is a conductor wire wound in the form of a coil. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Inductance unit is Henry. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. Inductor is used in windings of motors, Transformers, induction base equipments etc. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Coil wound on a iron core train wali gadi maximum Inductance( Mili Henry) and wound on air core has minimum Inductance (Micro Henry). </p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. Iron core inductor operates on low frequency where as air core and ferrite core inductors operate on higher frequencies.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. Inductor is a charge storing element which stores charge in form of magnetic energy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Inductors are made of insulated copper wires.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Resistance offered by an inductor is called reluctance and unit of reluctance is ampere-turn/weber.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. Reluctance is also directly proportional to length of inductor and reversely proportional to area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Two conductor plates separated by a insulating dielectric material forms a capacitor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. Capacitor stores charge in the form of electrostatic energy in electric field.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. Unit of capacitor is Farad, Microfarad, Picofarad etc.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. Electrolytic Capacitors (Unipolar) have value in Microfarad range and used in voltage sources.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. Ceramic capacitors (Bipolar) have value in Picofarad range and used in filter circuits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. Paper capacitors have value in milifarad range are used in single phase AC motors to split the phase to provide starting torque.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In resistors voltage and current remain same phase, in inductors current lags voltage by 90° and in capacitor voltage lags current by 90°.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. The reciprocal of resistance is Conductance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">26. The reciprocal of Reluctance is Permeance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">27. The reciprocal of impedance is admittance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">28. The reciprocal Reactance is Susceptance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">29. The reciprocal of capacitance is elastance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">30. All the loads are indutive in nature so they have lagging power factor. To improve the power Factor, Capacitor banks are used which reduces phase difference between voltage and current.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-28780873505901749632024-02-19T07:00:00.010+05:302024-03-10T21:52:14.380+05:30One Liner about Digital Electronics for RRB JE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJyL5DzyGgeX8ji7MxUHq6nXiJR_LGoaOQ6WIkKFz076_1UAsEMWpze28IGM8X6qkJS1Sh2WF48A4ptFAf2RCuIFB4Du7aYcitunnF4ZZ7sgyifFxAI3WjctsnORiIzpywJo_QIeLe8n2iIv_UnQiu1nOZ81-KEN7QRKmRHd4asplpz0DvqTr7avd9U8ZC/s1600/IMG-20240101-WA0001.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJyL5DzyGgeX8ji7MxUHq6nXiJR_LGoaOQ6WIkKFz076_1UAsEMWpze28IGM8X6qkJS1Sh2WF48A4ptFAf2RCuIFB4Du7aYcitunnF4ZZ7sgyifFxAI3WjctsnORiIzpywJo_QIeLe8n2iIv_UnQiu1nOZ81-KEN7QRKmRHd4asplpz0DvqTr7avd9U8ZC/w640-h360/IMG-20240101-WA0001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Digital electronics is a branch of electronics which uses binary digits for the logical operations and input /output.</p><p>1. BIT is acronym for Binary Digit.</p><p>2. Binary number system has base 2 and it has only two digits 0 & 1. Or this question can be asked in following way:- Method of representing numbers 0's and 1's is called Binary notation.</p><p>3. One nibble equals to four bits.</p><p>4. One byte equals to eight bits.</p><p>5. One word equals to two bytes or sixteen bits.</p><p>6. Double word equals to 4 bytes or 32 bits.</p><p>7. Quad word equals to 8 bytes or 64 bits.</p><p>8. Decimal number system has base 10 and digits from 0 to 9.</p><p>9. 1 KB = 1024 Bytes</p><p>10. 1 MB = 1024 KB</p><p>11. 1 GB = 1024 MB</p><p>12. 1 TB = 1024 GB</p><p>13. Decimal to binary conversion can be done by dividing the Decimal number by 2 and writing the reminder of each division in reverse order. Example 25 = 11001</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWspAINQP8n0-P0NkmeNLwGSt1n71cBy2ZgEb6hyphenhyphen7XDCyDC4C1X8kRmIH9fw3IEL-1yRlO8SSUA0fcQ_qwakGaWRjuoT8UCjQpjPFJujL-8gIUTrR2BnV3jAIIAeSMjOQPuqfu02w65CxDGw5a1_iNmt5Afhd_0EzjYPlq7hkUWBwQjnq8Z03pqo5SAuJV/s411/images.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="293" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWspAINQP8n0-P0NkmeNLwGSt1n71cBy2ZgEb6hyphenhyphen7XDCyDC4C1X8kRmIH9fw3IEL-1yRlO8SSUA0fcQ_qwakGaWRjuoT8UCjQpjPFJujL-8gIUTrR2BnV3jAIIAeSMjOQPuqfu02w65CxDGw5a1_iNmt5Afhd_0EzjYPlq7hkUWBwQjnq8Z03pqo5SAuJV/w285-h400/images.png" width="285" /></a></div><br /><p>14. Binary to decimal conversion can be done by writing 2' s power in increasing order left to right , then multiply all by their respective 0 or 1 Digit and on addition of all required decimal number will obtain. Example 11001 = 25</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjelmNpQEaZDWmdlnLSyiBpeXsa8wUcvYtCoe5qhp9zmk1qOYEYovDQ9M7CCk2XX81KGm4TVoYodyFVxp3U6MPqdTvIi-2_bWsNhTHrpBvmqCXiwkBuPFaNUtgztCSTfMs1iF0SVrHS3oIfWIaMQb2e4QGE5Rd_rbT4WNO2MgbqyY3okyxnZ_KWqQN3J1hy/s632/images%20(1).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="632" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjelmNpQEaZDWmdlnLSyiBpeXsa8wUcvYtCoe5qhp9zmk1qOYEYovDQ9M7CCk2XX81KGm4TVoYodyFVxp3U6MPqdTvIi-2_bWsNhTHrpBvmqCXiwkBuPFaNUtgztCSTfMs1iF0SVrHS3oIfWIaMQb2e4QGE5Rd_rbT4WNO2MgbqyY3okyxnZ_KWqQN3J1hy/w400-h278/images%20(1).png" width="400" /></a></div>15. Hexadecimal number system has base 16 and octal number system has base 8.<div>16. NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates.</div><div>17. ADC is acronym for analog and digital converter. It is used to display any physical quantity in LCD or LED display like speed, temperature and pressure etc.</div><div>18. 110011 in binary will be equivalent to 51 in decimal, 63 in octal and 33 in hexadecimal number system. Binary to decimal is done as explained above and decimal to octal & decimal can be done by dividing decimal number by 8 and 16 respectively and writing the remainder in reverse order as done in decimal to binary conversion.</div><div>19. TTL is acronym for transistor transistor logic.</div><div>20. ECL is acronym for emitter collector logic.</div><div>21. CMOS logic is acronym for complementary metal oxide Semiconductor logic.</div><div>22. RTL is acronym for resistor transistor logic.</div><div>23. DTL is acronym for diode transistor logic.</div><div>24. Fastest memory is cache memory.<br /><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p><p><br /></p></div>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-33328333253886803642024-02-08T17:00:00.004+05:302024-02-08T17:02:47.425+05:30PhD Report<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp0S_jHpgrwEw8l6r34cZbV1L9j69yvO-jCWg1jmxeZX01bdjDPBUcYvF2oExJeTuffPknjvnJwn18noijBKSbFmtQ5K5SMX7rhIDggx6-bqN1oPZys550piNIOoms5qo_1n3KS2RZJC9nuG7HLiHGTW07z6_sowWZjCtPYIdwxYp_-fUB7LnKAOuK6v4f/s1050/IR210816.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1050" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp0S_jHpgrwEw8l6r34cZbV1L9j69yvO-jCWg1jmxeZX01bdjDPBUcYvF2oExJeTuffPknjvnJwn18noijBKSbFmtQ5K5SMX7rhIDggx6-bqN1oPZys550piNIOoms5qo_1n3KS2RZJC9nuG7HLiHGTW07z6_sowWZjCtPYIdwxYp_-fUB7LnKAOuK6v4f/w640-h366/IR210816.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />INFO4EEE Digital Library has 1 Operating Manual of PhD which is listed below.<p></p><h4>Operating Manual</h4><p></p><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/15RtRiYFoV87A6fWou5RQC0sCkTOqu6G8/view?usp=drive_link" target="_blank"><b>dSPACE CLP1104</b></a> by <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2012/11/PSJamwal.html">Paramjeet Singh Jamwal</a>, PhD Research Scholar, Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Department, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology (SLIET), Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India, June 2021.</li></ol>Paramjeet Singh Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17551910447100903456noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-91240741046855547662024-01-19T07:00:00.219+05:302024-01-23T14:34:21.482+05:30One Liner about Basic Electronics for RRB JE<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6WGEPxoF0-Ug_B88FDjVaRdX_wXHsvA1l7xxTMOC8kFhw8Ul-NQJNa639tcd8WjcWKsNUMuYYjEtSyvcIxmqeU1tvsm1hRkZzHxtSOrAFgWdESuVvr1UkitsH6IwT48kSoSEHaNeLnV4qspc5Pqa7NMAox62-4zYhNBc3okMMuZXg00vzhZ6yuJbemfqL/s1600/IMG-20240101-WA0001.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6WGEPxoF0-Ug_B88FDjVaRdX_wXHsvA1l7xxTMOC8kFhw8Ul-NQJNa639tcd8WjcWKsNUMuYYjEtSyvcIxmqeU1tvsm1hRkZzHxtSOrAFgWdESuVvr1UkitsH6IwT48kSoSEHaNeLnV4qspc5Pqa7NMAox62-4zYhNBc3okMMuZXg00vzhZ6yuJbemfqL/w640-h360/IMG-20240101-WA0001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In this article basic one liners about basic electronics will be discussed which are frequently asked in RRB JE exams.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Electronics is a branch of engineering in which we study behaviour, movement and uses of electrons or charge carriers in a semiconductor.</div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Semiconductors have four electrons in external orbit examples are Silicon (Atomic number 14) and Germanium (atomic number 32). </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The process of mixing impurities is called Dopping. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">When same wafer of semiconductor is doped with different impurities then charge carriers movement from high concentration to lower concentration region is called diffusion.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The movement of charge carriers from one region to another region because of applied electric potential is called drift.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Pure Semiconductor is called intrinsic Semiconductor and when doped with impurities it is called as extrinsic Semiconductor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Pentavalent impurities like Boron, aluminium, thallium and indium produces N type Semiconductor after dopping.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Trivalent impurities like Arsenic, antimony, bismuth and phosphorus produces P type Semiconductor after dopping.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Barrier potential or knee voltage of Silicon and Germanium are 0.7 V and 0.3 V respectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Forbidden energy gap of Silicon and Germanium are 1.12 eV and 0.72 eV respectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Diode is a non linear semiconductor device which is used as one way switch.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Zenor Diode is special purpose Diode operates in reverse breakdown mode and used in voltage regulation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Light emitting Diode (LED) operates in forward biased and used in LED tv, indicators, and torches.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Optocoupler is a combination of LED and photo Diode which is used in automatic doors and wireless signal transmission.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER) is a Diode which operates in forward bias and produces coherent light. LASER is used in communication, medical , industrial applications and defence equipments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Varactor Diode is a reverse biased Diode which is used in TV and radio receivers for tunning purpose. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. Diode is mostly used in Rectifiers to convert ac into dc.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. In half Bridge rectifier one diode is used because of which only one cycle of AC is obtained at the output. Frequency of output and input remains same. For example if we give 50 Hz voltage or current in input of half wave rectifier then output Waveform frequency will also be 50 Hz.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Half wave rectifier has ripple Factor 1.21 and efficiency 40.6 %.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Full wave bridge rectifier useses four diodes to convert ac waveform into dc. Frequency of output waveform get doubled. For example if 50 hz waveform is given in input then output waveform frequency will be 100 Hz.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. Full wave rectifier has ripple factor 0.482 and efficiency 81.2 %. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. 1N4007 is a pn diode normally used in rectifier and has reverse breakdown voltage of 1000 Volt.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. OA 79, 1N914 and 1N4148 are signal diode. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. Schottky diode is special purpose diode with almost zero reverse recovery time and used in switch mode power supplies, inverters and converters because of its high switching speed (above 300 MHz) .</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. 1N5817, 1N5818, and SR360 are schottky diode.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. 1N5408 is a Silicon diode or power diode which is used in high power applications like Rectifiers, Voltage doublers and battery charger circuits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a current controlled device in which switching or amplification is controlled by applying current at input of base terminal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. Transistor can operate in four region in which active region is used for amplification, saturation and cut off region are used for switching purpose. Inverted mode is not used normally.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Transistor has three layer emitter, base and collector in which emitter is highly doped, base is lightly doped and collector is moderately doped.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">26. Field effect transistor (FET) is a voltage controlled device. In FET current passing through it is controlled by gate input voltage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">27. MOSFET full form is Metal oxide Semiconductor field effect transistor. It is used in high frequency switching circuits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">28. SCR full form is Silicon controlled rectifier. SCR has four layers, three junctions and three terminals anode, cathode & gate.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">29. In SCR latching current is the value of minimum anode current which is required to turn on a SCR or thyristor and holding current is the value of minimum anode current which can flow through a SCR or thyristor in ON state.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">30. unijunction transistor (UJT) is used to trigger a SCR by providing it a gate pulse.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">31. Thyristor is a combination of THYRatron tube and transISTOR. It is a solid state device like transistor and can deal with large amounts of power like thyratron tube. Thyristor is basically a family which consists SCR, TRIAC, DIAC, Power diode, power transistor, power mosfet, GTO and IGBT like members in the family.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">32. Triac is a three terminals bilateral semiconductor switching device which can control alternating current in a load. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">33. Diac two teeminal, three layer bidirectional device which is used for Triac triggering. Diac exhibits negative resistance property means current through the device increases with decrease value of applied voltage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">34. GTO full form is gate turn off thyristor which are used in electric Locomotives Traction converter circuits for switching of high power voltages. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">35. IGBT full form is insulated gate bipolar transistor which are a replacement of GTO in electric Locomotives Traction converter circuits because of its high power handling capability.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">36. Amplifier is a device which increases the current, voltage or power of an input signal with the help of transistor by producing additional power from a separate source of power supply.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">37. In Class A amplifier transistor operates in active region at all times which means collector current flows for 360° of the AC cycle. Class A amplifier efficiency is 25 % and has very less distortion. These are used in voltage amplifiers example preamplifier in audio amplifiers.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">38. In Class B amplifiers collector current flows for only half cycle (180°) this is why transistor Q point lies at cut off. These are used with push pull arrangements with maximum efficiency pf 78.5 %. These amplifiers have small to moderate distortion and uses in power amplifiers example public address system audio amplifiers which are used for announcements in railway stations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">39. In Class C amplifiers collector current flows for less than 180 ° of the AC cycle. Maximum efficiency is near to 100 % but has large distortion. These amplifiers are used in RF power amplifiers examples satellite communications , mobile communications etc.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">40. An Oscillator is an electronic device that generates sinusoidal oscillations of desired frequency.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">41. Positive feedback Circuit is used in oscillators to obtain sustained oscillations at output. Positive feedback Circuit converts feedback voltage in phase with the input voltage. We can say feedback voltage and input voltage have 0° phase difference.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">42. Wien Bridge Oscillator produces 1 MHz to 5 MHz frequency oscillations and used in commercial audio generators and signal generators in laboratories.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">43. Hartley Oscillator is used in radio receivers of television.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">44. Crystal Oscillators are used in wristwatches, radios, computers and mobiles. These Oscillators provide most stable and accurate oscillations upto 10 MHz frequency.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">45. Cyclo Converter is used to convert frequency of input AC voltage. By changing frequency speed of Induction motor can be changed. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">46. SCR is used for speed control of dc motor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">47. IGBT are used for Controlling voltage to control the speed of Induction motors.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">48. Operational Amplifier is a multistage amplifier and consists of a differential amplifier, a high CE amplifier stage and Class B push pull emitter follower.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">49. Operational amplifier can perform mathematical operations as addition, subtraction, integration and differentiation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">50. Operational amplifiers are used in Rectifiers, clippers, clampers, comparators, Buffer circuits, signal generators etc.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-73949120653134463482023-12-19T07:00:00.019+05:302023-12-31T11:10:03.349+05:30One Liner about Electric Machines Practical Applications for RRB JE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUZ85kFaoyuGiZWaQm4vSLhC-Ll4eqcL_y56aNF6_6itLxRescgWFE_ut-kRoYsyBRBwzJBb2ug1Fm_pr4WrsWhwJZegC8d2AVkyAJ7xUl3ohg89xZPlzj2MVK0_1GPWPgRKoqRMReVxiwdXGr-jOwzoExiiUowBmlb2PLHc_ds1A3FcZO52TZd98dGRss/s1882/231231%20Poster%20for%20IAOLEERRBJE-3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1058" data-original-width="1882" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUZ85kFaoyuGiZWaQm4vSLhC-Ll4eqcL_y56aNF6_6itLxRescgWFE_ut-kRoYsyBRBwzJBb2ug1Fm_pr4WrsWhwJZegC8d2AVkyAJ7xUl3ohg89xZPlzj2MVK0_1GPWPgRKoqRMReVxiwdXGr-jOwzoExiiUowBmlb2PLHc_ds1A3FcZO52TZd98dGRss/w640-h360/231231%20Poster%20for%20IAOLEERRBJE-3.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>In this article We will talk about the machines which we use in daily life but don't know the name.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Ev5RcqIdifZVdyjFUOuHqktwosmrs_ft6v_oxcYXfpkRQkMgb0Kas1oDXKb97_LvdAkNgjWzmi7nmFPLMtlJe5NIardSlGH4rQVPQwPUlfTJ8rpRgNoB9qOKKyzAGhwu9pRwXZSYGvj4ppkWGLgzK2OqVoozNdMun3Z1m8Jq1AqxWObWNkAK6N8zTeQq/s738/images%20(5).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="738" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Ev5RcqIdifZVdyjFUOuHqktwosmrs_ft6v_oxcYXfpkRQkMgb0Kas1oDXKb97_LvdAkNgjWzmi7nmFPLMtlJe5NIardSlGH4rQVPQwPUlfTJ8rpRgNoB9qOKKyzAGhwu9pRwXZSYGvj4ppkWGLgzK2OqVoozNdMun3Z1m8Jq1AqxWObWNkAK6N8zTeQq/w400-h170/images%20(5).jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>1. DC series motors are used in conventional Electric Locomotives, cranes , Electric rickshaws and electric elevators. Reason behind it is DC series motors have very high starting torque as torque is directly proportional to square of armature current and speed reversal of DC series motors is very easy.</p><p>2. DC shunt motors are used in lathe machines, toys, light materials cutting machines, conveyors and textile Mills etc. Reason behind the use is dc shunt motors have constant speed and torque at light loads.</p><p>3. DC compound motors are used for intermittent load like rolling Mills, stamping machines, Electric presses and conveyors.</p><p>4. Capacitor start capacitor run motor is used in ceiling fan.</p><p>5. Shaded pole type induction motor is used in AC compressors , centrifugal pumps, hair dryers, laptop and computer cooling fans.</p><p>6. Hysteresis motor is used in CD player, DVD players and tape recorders. It is a type of synchronous motor.</p><p>7. Universal motor is used in mixer, grinder, drill machines and vacuum cleaners. Universal motor can operate on both AC and DC with approximately same speed & efficiency.</p><p>8. Reluctance motor is used in constant speed applications like electric clocks, recording instruments etc.</p><p>9. Three phase squirrel cage induction motor is used in ABB company made electric Locomotives and GM & GE company made diesel Locomotives.</p><p>10. AC Servomotor is basically a two phase induction motor. Servomechanism is a method in which some mechanical parts movement is done with the help of air pressure and motor. Examples of servomechanism are found in Pantograph and wiper of Locomotives.</p><p>11. Brush less DC motor is used in artificial heart pumping.</p><p>12. Synchronous motor is used as booster for power Factor improvement.</p><p>13. DC shunt generator is used in battery charging.</p><p>14. Three phase induction motor and three phase alternator combination is used in conventional Electric Locomotives to convert single phase into three phase. The unit of both motor alternator set is called as ARNO.</p><p>15. DC Compound generator is used in arc welding.</p><p>16. Stepper motor is used in floppy disc drive, hard disc drive, 3D printers, scanners and robotics for precise speed and control.</p><p>17. PMDC motor is used in windshield wiper, power window and blower in automobiles.</p><p>18. Linear induction motor is used in automatic sliding doors in electric trains.</p><p><br /></p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-44274603782359787232023-11-19T07:00:00.089+05:302024-01-03T09:17:33.022+05:30One Liner about Measurement RRB JE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskkTpoueyGTbfpk0aclHpRsh0yn7wnRhSfuYO9mcjaK0h7xFe9FtFPrxDqyxtIgVm_93jeXqrlpTrCaV2iR7TbjgEilHfzP4WMqnanFwm4vrZ8InDR_ozC3Y_W5ZiYOZMU7hy_HVsf28l8sTpo9JpzU6av3VOw7rB6-fc3T_zA_T2kMKOXR2iQfXzFMF1/s1600/05_Tehran%20-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="1600" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskkTpoueyGTbfpk0aclHpRsh0yn7wnRhSfuYO9mcjaK0h7xFe9FtFPrxDqyxtIgVm_93jeXqrlpTrCaV2iR7TbjgEilHfzP4WMqnanFwm4vrZ8InDR_ozC3Y_W5ZiYOZMU7hy_HVsf28l8sTpo9JpzU6av3VOw7rB6-fc3T_zA_T2kMKOXR2iQfXzFMF1/w640-h340/05_Tehran%20-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20300.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXKjLpxeSh8m4za0mT5-fqkn3rYXkb39wPM-U7MTgIrySYDQlk0ZhaXmipUgc75jgg3wauJ1qsDY-vbwpe70E-4oiHl51GyQqVA4Hl_FluMgUU9xEfH16vGEpFxWjIDvAqES9TX3u53QgSYbIklgMPKprgStjXlCqMCU2KaGX0MN5znUmCH_prwL7ctl_y/s226/images%20(4).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="226" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXKjLpxeSh8m4za0mT5-fqkn3rYXkb39wPM-U7MTgIrySYDQlk0ZhaXmipUgc75jgg3wauJ1qsDY-vbwpe70E-4oiHl51GyQqVA4Hl_FluMgUU9xEfH16vGEpFxWjIDvAqES9TX3u53QgSYbIklgMPKprgStjXlCqMCU2KaGX0MN5znUmCH_prwL7ctl_y/w400-h395/images%20(4).jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"> Measurement is a method of finding out value of physical quantities with the help of pointer deflection or null pointer or digital display and instruments used for the purpose are called Measuring Instruments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Measurements are of two types absolute or primary Measurement and secondary Measurement. In absolute Measurement, measurement is done in terms of true value of physical quantities and these types of instruments are used in laboratories for calibration purposes example : Galvanometer </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Secondary instruments : All practical and domestic application instruments lies in this category examples : Multimeter, Ohmmeter, Ammeter etc.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Three types of torque are used in measuring instruments deflection torque, damping torque and controlling torque.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. There are different methods of producing deflection torque like electromagnetic induction, thermal effect etc. Main task of deflection torque is to move the pointer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Controlling torque is produced by spring to stabilze the pointer. The spring used for Controlling must have low specific resistance, low temperature coefficient of resistance, non magnetic and not subjected to fatigue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Damping torque is used to damp out pointer oscillations. Damping device must be a good insulator, non evaporating, non corrosive and least effected with temperature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) type instruments are used to measure DC voltages and currents. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. In PMMC deflection torque is directly proportional to charge/ current because of which it has a uniform scale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Permanent magnet moving iron (PMMI) type instruments are used to measure both AC and DC voltages & currents.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. In PMMI instruments deflection torque is proportional to square of charge / currents because of which it has non uniform scale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. In PMMC type instruments eddy current damping is used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. In PMMI type instruments Air friction damping is used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. PMMC type instruments are used in uniform scale voltmeter, Ammeter, Ohmmeter and multimeters. Multimeter uses a Rectifier circuit to convert AC into DC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. PMMI type instruments are used in non uniform scale voltmeters and Ammeters.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. Ohmmeter is used to measure resistance of medium ranges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. Kelvin double Bridge method is used for low resistance measurement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Wheat stone Bridge and Corey Foster's Bridge method is used for medium resistance measurement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Loss of charge method is used for high resistance measurements. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. Megger is used to measure insulation resistance of electrical devices, cables and Electronic devices. Megger is a combination of DC generator and ohmmeter. It produces 100 V voltage and few microampere of currents to measure the resistance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Voltmeter is used to measure voltage. Range of voltmeter can be increased by using multiplier in series which is a high value resistance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. Ammeter is used to measure current. Range of Ammeter can be increased by using shunt in parallel which is a low value resistance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. Multimeter can measure AC and DC voltage, current and resistance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. Maxwell's Bridge is used to measure inductance of low Q value coils.(Q<10)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. Hay's Bridge is used to measure inductance of high Q value coils.(Q>10)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. Anderson's Bridge is used to measure inductance of coils fastly and accurately.(Q<1)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. Heaviside 's Bridge is used to measure inductance having low Q value.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. De Souty 's Bridge is used to measure capacitance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">26. Schering Bridge is used to measure capacitance and relative permittivity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">27. Wein 's Bridge is used to measure capacitance and frequency.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">28. LCR meter is used to measure resistance, inductance and capacitance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">29. Pyrometer is used to measure temperature of train axle boxes, motors and transfromers etc. Pyrometer works on Stefan Boltzmann law principle which tells that energy radiated by an heating object is directly proportional to forth power of its absolute temperature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">30. Techometer is used to measure speed of train. It mainly measures shaft speed of dc series motor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">31. Odometer is used to measure speed of vehicles used by police.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">32. RADAR is also used to measure speed and direction of any object. RADAR is an acronym for radio detection and ranging.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">33. SONAR is used to locate objects beneath the sea. Sonar is acronym for sound navigation and ranging.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">34. Potential Transfromer or PT is used to measure very high voltages. It is a step down transformer which transfroms high Voltage into low voltage of 120 V range.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">35. Current Transfromer or CT is used to measure very high currents. It is a step up transformer which steps up the low voltage high current into high voltage low current of 5 ampere range.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">36. Anemometer is used to find out the force of wind.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">37. Hygrometer is used to measure humidity of air or water vapour present in air.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">38. Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">39. Hydrometer is used to measure specific gravity of liquids.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">40. PMMC type instrument can be used as fluxmeter by eliminating control spring.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">41. The chemical effect of current is used in DC ampere hour meter.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">42. In megger controlling torque is provided by coil.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">43. Shunt resistances are made of magnin.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">44. In eddy current damping disc or former is made up of material that is a conductors but non magnetic examples copper and aluminium.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">45. Hot wire instruments and PMMI type instruments have square scale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">46. The range of PMMI is extended by changing number of turns of operating coil.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">47. Electrostatic instruments are used for voltage measurement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">48. In a single phase energy meter braking torque is provided by permanent magnet.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">49. Luxmeter is used for illuminance measurement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">50. A wire gauge is a device used to measure diameter of wire.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-20654943635422426532023-10-19T07:00:00.108+05:302024-01-03T09:18:31.643+05:30One Liner about Powet System for RRB JE<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNRMfqNd6GCKM5mwwlfse4DPZkXAY1qTjFJ_XyFCWfQlN-y2wZtio-1blWlmk9nrMVmkoebtZ_VlhcRN-Kqo53P0GceNWt9DS0boaGPEjO2tsov5cN8TahR7SEcqKEP2cHKAcDKvrkNRB75XrNkEwLfsgxvfdB5fRNRjAK1sAjlhB6LJJ-L4XDnVJ0-KC/s1600/05_Tehran%20-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20300.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="1600" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNRMfqNd6GCKM5mwwlfse4DPZkXAY1qTjFJ_XyFCWfQlN-y2wZtio-1blWlmk9nrMVmkoebtZ_VlhcRN-Kqo53P0GceNWt9DS0boaGPEjO2tsov5cN8TahR7SEcqKEP2cHKAcDKvrkNRB75XrNkEwLfsgxvfdB5fRNRjAK1sAjlhB6LJJ-L4XDnVJ0-KC/w640-h340/05_Tehran%20-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20300.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> In previous article we learned questions about light and household appliances applications. In this article we will learn about power system questions which will be helpful for RRB JE exam<p></p><p>101. Service mains are the conductors, which connect the consumer's terminals to the distribution.</p><p>102. The underground system can not be operated above 66 KV.</p><p>103. Overhead system being used in India is upto 765 KV.</p><p>104. Kevin 's law is used for conductor cost calculations.</p><p>105. The wooden poles well impregnated with creosite oil or any preservative compounds have life 25 to 30 years.</p><p>106. Galvanised steel wire is generally used as stay wire, earth wire and structural component.</p><p>107. The usual spans with RCC poles are 80 to 100 meter.</p><p>108. Corona depends on size of conductors, shape of conductors and surface condition of conductors.</p><p>109. The formula for voltage regulation of transmission line is </p><p>(Vs-Vr/Vr)×100 </p><p>Where Vs = Sending end voltage and Vr = Receiving end voltage </p><p>110. The phenomenon of rise in voltage at receiving end of the open circuit or lightly loaded line is called the Ferranti effect.</p><p>111. Low voltage cable is upto 6.6 KV, super tension cable 33KV, extra high tension cable 66 KV, and High voltage cable 11KV. </p><p>112. Direct laying, draw in system and solid method are used for underground cables.</p><p>113 Radial distribution system is the simplest and lowest in cost.</p><p>114. The distributors for residential areas employee 3 phase 4 wire system.</p><p>115. Distribution lines in India generally use RCC poles.</p><p>116. In Overhead lines generally ACSR (ALUMINIUM CORE STEEL REINFORCED) conductors are used.</p><p>117. Transmission line insulators are made of porcelain. Composition of porcelain is Feldspar, Kaolin, Bone Ash, Quartz, Petuntse, and Alabaster.</p><p>118. The minimum clearance between the ground and 220 KV line is about 7.0 meter.</p><p>119. The spacing between phase conductors of a 220 KV line is approximately equal to 6.0 meter.</p><p>120. Large industrial consumer's are supplied electrical energy at 66 KV.</p><p>121. For an overhead line surge impedance is taken as 100 to 200 ohm.</p><p>122. The presence of ozone due to corona is harmful because it corrodes the material.</p><p>123. A feeder in a transmission line feeds power to distributors.</p><p>124. 3 phase 4 wire system is called secondary distribution system.</p><p>125. Mho relay is used for long transmission line.</p><p>126. Impedence relay is used for medium transmission line.</p><p>127. Reactance relay is used for short transmission line.</p><p>128. Ring main system is most reliable distribution system.</p><p>129. Transmission voltage 11KV, 33 KV, 66KV, 132 KV, 220 KV and 400 KV is used for 15 - 30 KM, 30 - 60 KM, 60 - 100 KM, 100 - 200 KM, 200 - 300 KM and 300 - 400 KM length respectively.</p><p>130. Skin effect is proportional to square of conductor diameter.</p><p>131. String efficiency can be improved by using a guard ring, grading of insulators and using long cross arm.</p><p>132. For isolators current rating is not necessary as they break line when uncharged.</p><p>133. Corona occurs on 30 KV/CM electrostatic stress.</p><p>134. Aluminium specific gravity is 2.7</p><p>135. The frequency of generated voltage can be changed by adjusting the governor.</p><p>136. Number of conductors in an ACSR wire can be calculated by 3<span style="font-size: medium;">㎡</span> -3m +1. where m= layer</p><p>137. Diameter of ACSR conductor is calculated by (2m-1)×d, where m= layer, d=diameter of stranded wires.</p><p>138. Main consideration for designing feeder is current carrying capacity.</p><p>139. Main consideration in Distributer design is voltage drop.</p><p>140. Different type names are given to ACSR conductor according to voltage and current </p><p>Rabbit type ACSR - 11 KV, 157 Ampere, 2 layers, 7 conductors, 1 steel, 6 aluminium, d = 3.35 mm, A = 50 mm2, Breaking Load = 18.25 KN</p><p>Dog type ACSR - 33 KV - 66 KV, 300 Ampere, 6 aluminium strands of 4.72 mm diameter, 7 steel strands 1.57 mm diameter, A = 100 mm2, Breaking Load = 32.41 KN</p><p>Panther type ACSR - 66 KV - 132 KV, 480 Ampere, 4 layers, d= 3 mm, 37 conductors, 30 aluminium, 7 steel, A = 200 mm2, Breaking Load = 89.67 KN</p><p>Zebra type ACSR - 220 KV, 735 Ampere, 5 layers, d=3.18 mm, 61 conductors , 54 aluminium, 7 steel, Breaking Load = 130 KN</p><p>Moose type ACSR - 400 KV, 800 Ampere , 5 layers, d= 3.53 mm, 61 conductors, 54 aluminium, 7 steel, </p><p>Bundle 8 or 4 Moose type ACSR - 765 KV</p><p>141. Basic terminology for over head lines</p><p>Low Voltage 0 - 250 V</p><p>Medium Voltage 250 V - 650 V</p><p>High Voltage 650 V - 33 KV</p><p>Extra high Voltage 33 KV - 132 KV</p><p>Super High Voltage 132 KV and beyond </p><p>Modern Extra High Voltage 400 KV</p><p>Ultra High Voltage 765 KV and beyond </p><p>142. Human body current bearing limit is 30 mili ampere per second.</p><p>143. Basic terminology for underground cable </p><p>Low Tension Cable upto 1000 V</p><p>High Tension Cable upto 11 KV</p><p>Super Tension Cable 22 KV to 33 KV.</p><p>Extra High Tension Cable 33 KV to 66 KV.</p><p>Extra Super Tension Cable beyond of 132 KV.</p><p>144. Minimum clearance of HV lines from ground across street is 6.1 meter.</p><p>145. Minimum depth of laying from ground surface to the top of cable is 1.0 meter at railway crossings and road crossings.</p><p>146. 765 KV transmission line is installed at Solapur-Raichur on 31 December 2013 under One Nation - One Grid - One frequency scheme.</p><p>147. Bundled conductors are used in EHV transmission to decrease corona loss.</p><p>148. Ground clearance for 220 KV transmission line is 7.0 meter. Where as for 400 KV and 765 KV it is 8.84 meter and 12.40 meter respectively.</p><p>149. Permissible Voltage variation in transmission and distribution system is +- 10 %.</p><p>150. Some important formulas used in power system </p><p>Demand Factor = Max demand / Total Connected load</p><p>Load Factor = Average Load / Max Demand or Peak Load</p><p>Where Average Load = Total Energy Consumed / Total Time</p><p>Plant Capacity Factor = Average Load / Plant Capacity </p><p>Reserve Capacity = Plant Capacity - Max Demand </p><p>Where Max Demand = Max sustained demand more than 30 minutes </p><p>Diversity Factor = Sum of individual Max demand / Co- incident Max demand </p><p>Note:- </p><p>1. Diversity Factor is define only on distributed loads and have value more than Unity.</p><p>2. Load Factor and Demand Factor both have value less than Unity.</p><div><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></div><div><br /></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-47916474838735935372023-09-19T07:00:00.258+05:302024-01-03T09:22:00.218+05:30One Liner about Light and MCB for RRB JE<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNRMfqNd6GCKM5mwwlfse4DPZkXAY1qTjFJ_XyFCWfQlN-y2wZtio-1blWlmk9nrMVmkoebtZ_VlhcRN-Kqo53P0GceNWt9DS0boaGPEjO2tsov5cN8TahR7SEcqKEP2cHKAcDKvrkNRB75XrNkEwLfsgxvfdB5fRNRjAK1sAjlhB6LJJ-L4XDnVJ0-KC/s1600/05_Tehran%20-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="1600" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNRMfqNd6GCKM5mwwlfse4DPZkXAY1qTjFJ_XyFCWfQlN-y2wZtio-1blWlmk9nrMVmkoebtZ_VlhcRN-Kqo53P0GceNWt9DS0boaGPEjO2tsov5cN8TahR7SEcqKEP2cHKAcDKvrkNRB75XrNkEwLfsgxvfdB5fRNRjAK1sAjlhB6LJJ-L4XDnVJ0-KC/w640-h340/05_Tehran%20-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20300.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> As discussed in previous Part let us continue forward <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">51. Visible wavelength range is 400 nm to 700 nm.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">52. Total light emmited by a light source in all directions is called Luminous flux and unit of Luminous flux is Lumen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">53. Light emmited in particular direction by light source is called Luminous intensity and unit of Luminous intensity is Candela.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">54. When light from light source falls on particular surface that light amount per unit area is called illuminance and unit of illuminance is Lux.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">55. Amount of light reflects back to observer eyes is called luminance and unit of luminance is Candela per meter square. Another name of luminance is brightness.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">56. Watt is the amount of energy a light source takes or consumes to produce the light.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">57. Total amount of light emmited by a light source by consuming 1 watt of energy is called Lamp efficiency.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lamp efficiency = Total flux in Lumen / power consumption in watt</p><p style="text-align: justify;">58. LED Lamp efficiency is 10 to 110 Lumen per watt.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">59. Fluorescent Lamp efficiency is 50 to 100 Lumen per watt.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">60. Incandescent Lamp efficiency is 4 to 17 Lumen per watt.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">61. Sodium vapour Lamp efficiency is 100 to 200 Lumen per watt.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">62. Incandescent and Halogen Lamp maximum Colour Rendering Index ( CRI ) near to 100. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">63. CRI is the ability of a light source to show true colour of an object near to natural as the object will look in day light. CRI count can be from zero to 100.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">64. Highest level of illumination is required in proof reading.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">65. Lowest level of illumination is found in railway platforms.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">66. Insulators used for OHE are made up of porcelain ( Silicon 20% + Felspar 30% + clay 50%).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">67. Metal graphite brushes are used for high value of current density in DC series motors.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">68. Y, A, E, B, F, H and C are classes of insulation and can withstand upto 90°C, 105 °C, 120°C, 130°C, 155°C, 180°C and greater than 180°C respectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">69. C class insulation is used in transformers and Motors of Locomotives.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">70. Silicon Carbide has maximum operating temperature range of 1600°C to 2500°C where as Nichrome has 1150°C.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">71. Thermal conductivity of Nichrome is 11.3 W/mK.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">72. Type 'B' MCB is used in houses, trips on 3 to 4 times load current in .04 to 13 milliseconds.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">73. Type 'C' MCB is used in heavy loads like motors, trips on 5 to 10 times load current in .04 to 5 milliseconds.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">74. Type 'D' MCB is used in Xray machine and welding machines, trips on 10 to 20 times load current in .4 to 3 milliseconds.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">75. Type 'K' MCB is used in motors, Transformers in industrial applications, trips on 8 to 12 times load current in 0.1 milliseconds.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">76. Type 'Z' MCB is used in semiconductor devices and electronic equipments, trips on 2 to 3 times load current in 0.1 milliseconds.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">77. L series MCBs are used in resistive loads like Geysers, ovens etc.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">78. G series MCB are used in inductive loads like Motors, Air Conditioners, Halogen Lamp etc.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">79. DC series MCB is used in DC controls, Locomotives, Diesel Generator sets etc.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">80. Fusing factor of protective devices for medium level load is 1.45 ( Kit Kat fuse).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">81. Fusing factor for HRC fuse is 1.1 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">82. Phenol plus formaldehyde forms Bakelite.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">83. Buccholz relay is a gas actuated relay which is used for oil cooled transformer protection.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">84. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor is used in ceiling fan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">85. Multimeter is used to measure current, voltage, resistance, Diode, transistor, and continuity of circuit.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">86. Conductors have positive temperature coefficient of resistance.(i.e. on increasing temperature resistance also increases)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">87. Insulator and semiconductor have negative temperature coefficient of resistance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">88. Megger is used to measure insulation resistance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">89. Megger is a combination of DC generator and ohmmeter.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">90. In ceiling fan paper capacitor of 2.3 microfarad is used to provide starting phase to make the fan self starting.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">91. Electric press, Electric cattle works on heating effect.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">92. In conventional Locomotives Air Circuit Breaker is used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">93. In ABB Locomotives Vaccum Circuit Breaker is used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">94. Electric spark temperature can be upto 2000°C that is why we use circuit Breaker for spark quenching and circuit breaking.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">95. In electric bulbs tungsten wire is used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">96. In heaters Nichrome wire is used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">97. Universal motor is used in mixer and grinders.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">98. Lead acid cell voltage is 2.1 to 2.25 volt and it is a secondary cell which is widely used in house hold Inverters.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">99. Lithium Ion battery is used in mobile and laptops which provides 3.7 Volt voltage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">100. Nickel Cadmium cell is used in rechargeable cell which produces 1.2 to 1.45 volts of voltage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is enough for this article.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Stay tuned with us for electrical and Electronics knowledge.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Utmost care is taken in writing the article if any error found please notify us, we will surely rectify it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Thank You </p><div><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></div><div><br /></div><p><br /></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-76316112036529617142023-08-19T07:00:00.008+05:302024-01-03T09:21:21.736+05:30One Liner about Basic Electrical for RRB JE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNRMfqNd6GCKM5mwwlfse4DPZkXAY1qTjFJ_XyFCWfQlN-y2wZtio-1blWlmk9nrMVmkoebtZ_VlhcRN-Kqo53P0GceNWt9DS0boaGPEjO2tsov5cN8TahR7SEcqKEP2cHKAcDKvrkNRB75XrNkEwLfsgxvfdB5fRNRjAK1sAjlhB6LJJ-L4XDnVJ0-KC/s1600/05_Tehran%20-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="1600" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNRMfqNd6GCKM5mwwlfse4DPZkXAY1qTjFJ_XyFCWfQlN-y2wZtio-1blWlmk9nrMVmkoebtZ_VlhcRN-Kqo53P0GceNWt9DS0boaGPEjO2tsov5cN8TahR7SEcqKEP2cHKAcDKvrkNRB75XrNkEwLfsgxvfdB5fRNRjAK1sAjlhB6LJJ-L4XDnVJ0-KC/w640-h341/05_Tehran%20-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20300.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In this article We will provide one liner questions and answers for electrical students who want to appear in RRB JE, GDCE JE, Electricity Board exam and SSC JE etc. </div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Full form of RDSO is Research Design and Standard Organisation. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Full form of RDX is Research Department Explosive/ Royal Demolition Explosive.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Full form of RMS is Railway Mail Service.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">4. Full form of CRS is Commissioner Of Railway Safety.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">5. Full form of RITES is Rail India Technical and Echonomic Services Ltd.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">6. Full form of IREEN is Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineer.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">7. DC to DC converter is called Chopper.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">8. DC to AC converter is called Inverter.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">9. AC to AC converter is called Cyclo Converter.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">10. AC to DC converter is called Rectifier.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">11. Resistance, Voltage or EMF and Current in electric circuit will be analogous to Reluctance, MMF and flux in magnetic circuit.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">12. Ampere circuit law tells about relationship between current and magnetic field produced by current.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">13. For electricity installation at home IE rule 1956 is followed.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">14. According to IE Rule 1956 frequency variation permissible for supply is +- 3 %.( IE RULE 55)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">15. Voltage variation permissible for low to medium voltage upto 33 KV is +- 6 %.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">16. Earth resistance must be less than 1 ohm, insulation resistance must be more than 1 M ohm and leakage current must be less than 1/5000 or 0.02 % of full load current. (IE RULE No. 48)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">17. Hight of meter Board must be at least 1.5 meter and light bracket hight must be between 2 to 2.5 meter.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">18. Maximum number of points in 5 Ampere circuit must be 10 and maximum load in sub circuit must be less than 800 watt.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">19. Minimum clearance of low to medium voltage over head lines must be 5.8 meter.( IE RULE 77)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">20. Ceiling fan minimum hight must be 2.5 meter.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">21. Maximum transmission voltage in INDIA is 765 KV at Raichur to Solapur transmission line. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">22. Human body current limit is 30 mili ampere per second.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">23. Danger notice come under IE RULE 35.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">24. Earth terminal is compulsory suitable for license come under IE RULE 33.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">25. In modern houses conduit conceal wiring is used and in older times conduit surface wiring were used.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">26. In wiring copper or aluminium materials wire are mainly used.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">27. Motor used in ceiling fan is capacitor start capacitor run type induction motor.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">28. Colour rendering index of incandescent lamps are maximum because of which they are mostly used in study lamps.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">29. Fuse used in houses are Kitkat type rewirable fuse.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">30. Fuse used in electric and electronic appliances are HRC type single use fuse.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">31. Wire used in Incandescent Lamp is made of tungsten.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">32. Wire used in heater is made of Nichrome.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">33. Solder Wire is an alloy of lead and tin.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">34. Nichrorme wire is an alloy of Nickel and Chromium.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">35. Material used for OHE wires is ACSR ( Aluminium core steel reinforced ).</div><div style="text-align: justify;">36. Over head wires are made with stranded wires to reduce skin effect.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">37. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">38. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">39. Permanent magnet is an alloy of cobalt and steel. (35 % : 65 %)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">40. Light weight Permanent magnets are made of hard ferrite.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">41. Magnetic material used for high frequency communication system is Nickel and ferrite alloy. (80 % : 20 %)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">42. Constantan/ Eureka is an alloy of copper and nickel. (55 % : 45 %)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">43. For HV cable insulation impregnated paper is used.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">44. For EHV cable insulation poly propylene laminated paper is used.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">45. For high value of current density metal graphite brushes are used in motors/generators.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">46. For OHE insuoators used are made by porcelain material.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">47. Porcelain is an alloy of silicon, felspar and clay. ( 20 % : 30 % : 50 %)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">48. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">49. Gun metal is an alloy of copper, tin and zinc.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">50. Thermit is an alloy of Aluminium powder and Iron oxide. ( 25 % : 75 % )</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-16974490301006444622023-07-19T07:57:00.004+05:302023-11-09T17:55:59.235+05:30Light intensity control circuit using MOSFET<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOcHi1z1xSzIabBLfjxkS8FZRAvw6m__8Wz9nUeB0bzS2dzpUAnB5_gH_0vGuy3FQo-RDhnMqq-9SI9Icho6jU-ykP13BxGL63D_vkFwHldN0kyPoqPo15n7afWz1ZNmSnZzZMpRrcsvATylVo7QK7FG94bQaLKopmW0Yq24ZxyN-su8CVkUgWS4fDOYJ6/s750/kursai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="750" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOcHi1z1xSzIabBLfjxkS8FZRAvw6m__8Wz9nUeB0bzS2dzpUAnB5_gH_0vGuy3FQo-RDhnMqq-9SI9Icho6jU-ykP13BxGL63D_vkFwHldN0kyPoqPo15n7afWz1ZNmSnZzZMpRrcsvATylVo7QK7FG94bQaLKopmW0Yq24ZxyN-su8CVkUgWS4fDOYJ6/w640-h332/kursai.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> In this circuit Light intensity is controlled by controlling drain to source current by controlling Gate to source voltage.MOSFET is a voltage controlled high frequency power switching device. <p></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Components Required:- </h4><p>1. MOSFET 2N7000G </p><p>2. Resistors </p><p>3. Lamp 12 Volt, 250 mA</p><p>4. LED </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. 24 Volts Battery </p><p>6. Potentiometer </p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Circuit Diagram:- </h4><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRvmPBEh3rZWwWA7O3fUc4y85zThrt2lyCCLGxMDdydTty7FrDn_OE94SLxNaV-557UHeBHqvyMVK7RdVYWWszFrN9xcg-fFGN9YMAL8AsTjjXiN6z9O0cBCNY__-X5W_1LakxGP5iWliFsdqfCFdCFPxiFvM-cBjFf9EP6ZiaZCPIABk6Lu9UWhG3m4oT/s650/Screenshot_20230715-054815_Chrome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="634" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRvmPBEh3rZWwWA7O3fUc4y85zThrt2lyCCLGxMDdydTty7FrDn_OE94SLxNaV-557UHeBHqvyMVK7RdVYWWszFrN9xcg-fFGN9YMAL8AsTjjXiN6z9O0cBCNY__-X5W_1LakxGP5iWliFsdqfCFdCFPxiFvM-cBjFf9EP6ZiaZCPIABk6Lu9UWhG3m4oT/w390-h400/Screenshot_20230715-054815_Chrome.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.1 Lamp intensity control circuit when Vgs=0 </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOPNFErh2dBWT7104J8BBqcgrMcqmCUKnNE-B2aD1Q1Rs_Ymt5Vsj52ZxC3oCVRSUcpKZ8HtQuFbz_qOnYCqKKlYVliPl-zP3IvcmheJiDtf5N5EwWmsPrwYEhFddxsUdSlCMP6xbzoYHRD9MzgZ0Xu0OmgHIufVi6Ea7Nv7xnQ0Hl0n7aXNw-QhxbA7cq/s670/Screenshot_20230715-055015_Chrome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="663" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOPNFErh2dBWT7104J8BBqcgrMcqmCUKnNE-B2aD1Q1Rs_Ymt5Vsj52ZxC3oCVRSUcpKZ8HtQuFbz_qOnYCqKKlYVliPl-zP3IvcmheJiDtf5N5EwWmsPrwYEhFddxsUdSlCMP6xbzoYHRD9MzgZ0Xu0OmgHIufVi6Ea7Nv7xnQ0Hl0n7aXNw-QhxbA7cq/w396-h400/Screenshot_20230715-055015_Chrome.jpg" width="396" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.2 Lamp intensity control circuit when Vgs=12V <br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><h4 style="text-align: left;">Working:-</h4><p> In the circuit a voltage divider is being used to limit Vgs upto 12 Volt and a current divider circuit is used to limit LED and Lamp current under 20 mA and 180 mA respectively. As the maximum current rating of MOSFET 2N7000G is 200 mA So R2 and R4 resistance value is being selected in such a way that overall resistance becomes 120 Ohm. This is why maximum current will flow less than 200 mA during On state of MOSFET.<br /> Vgs = R3×V1/(R3+R1)</p><p>I<span style="font-size: xx-small;">LED </span>= 200 mA × R4/(R2+R4) = 15.95 mA</p><p>I<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Lamp </span>= 200 mA×R2/(R2+R4) = 184.05 mA</p><p>I<span style="font-size: xx-small;">MOSFET </span>= V1/R2 parallel R4 = 24/119.63 = 200.6 mA</p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Uses of Circuit :- </h4><p>This circuit can be used to control any equipment which Working is directly dependent on current like Lamp, DC motors etc.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-28728360500746341532023-06-19T07:00:00.031+05:302023-11-09T17:57:02.568+05:30Oscillator Circuit using Transistor<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOcHi1z1xSzIabBLfjxkS8FZRAvw6m__8Wz9nUeB0bzS2dzpUAnB5_gH_0vGuy3FQo-RDhnMqq-9SI9Icho6jU-ykP13BxGL63D_vkFwHldN0kyPoqPo15n7afWz1ZNmSnZzZMpRrcsvATylVo7QK7FG94bQaLKopmW0Yq24ZxyN-su8CVkUgWS4fDOYJ6/s750/kursai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="750" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOcHi1z1xSzIabBLfjxkS8FZRAvw6m__8Wz9nUeB0bzS2dzpUAnB5_gH_0vGuy3FQo-RDhnMqq-9SI9Icho6jU-ykP13BxGL63D_vkFwHldN0kyPoqPo15n7afWz1ZNmSnZzZMpRrcsvATylVo7QK7FG94bQaLKopmW0Yq24ZxyN-su8CVkUgWS4fDOYJ6/w640-h332/kursai.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> Oscillator is an electronic Circuit which produces sustained oscillations of different frequencies depending upon type of feedback Circuit. At frequencies under 1MHz RC oscillators produce almost perfect sinewave. Above 1MHz LC oscillators are used. In oscillators positive feedback is provided to got undamped or sustained oscillations. In RC oscillators 180 ° phase shift is achieved by three RC network and further 180 ° phase shift is achieved by amplifier circuit. So the feedback signal and input signal remain in same phase and provide positive feedback.<p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Components Required:- </h4><p style="text-align: left;">Resistors, capacitors, transistor, battery, speaker</p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Circuit Diagram:-</h4><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi71QDMqjIrCZT2RVN-t1b5vrRfy3DberXeG0Z51sP8EhBDSsveIIFJDrOojxv8C_inY1JyF6ain0hZAxgTWdgkwS3KRiwZf0GO3GcbX4Z8W-7zX8hgJ-HA9QFnk9XQIZkqZ959n_CVLELjjuePNM1rf5qexlcgXvMatFfRKXkGojYSmTOSXgUFAkNIpQ/s1280/RC%20Oscillator%20Circuit-schematic.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="1280" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi71QDMqjIrCZT2RVN-t1b5vrRfy3DberXeG0Z51sP8EhBDSsveIIFJDrOojxv8C_inY1JyF6ain0hZAxgTWdgkwS3KRiwZf0GO3GcbX4Z8W-7zX8hgJ-HA9QFnk9XQIZkqZ959n_CVLELjjuePNM1rf5qexlcgXvMatFfRKXkGojYSmTOSXgUFAkNIpQ/w400-h280/RC%20Oscillator%20Circuit-schematic.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 1. RC Phase shift Oscillator Circuit </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Working:- </h4><p> When Supply is given to the circuit only signals in the output are noise signals generated by resistors. These noise signals are amplified and appear at the output terminals. This amplified signal goes to feedback Circuit and goes back in input. To get some sound at the output a small speaker can be connected at output after a amplifier circuit. We can also watch the output in CRO.</p><p>Frequency of oscillations can find out by</p><p>f = 1/2piRC</p><p>f = 1/ 2×3.14×4.7K ohm × 27 nFaraf</p><p>f= 1.25 KHz</p><p>If we hear this sound it will be a beep sound.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDEZXcrdd0Wo06FHx3KleBRkPNO7_AbuCAWZYe4O3q2z3HB1Hswg6wlMkQ02HLe-LpnEYoLswSLKugQ7k27RZV6Tr874Dtb70qjVS-NDyVm94lVGtLW_AhAXNlsdH006pqnC2lx6JjrwJMr_qWve9qhnxKL5IdAz5ozzep-3yDDb4CPDiE4Zu9AOykfQ/s1176/Screenshot_20230612-174435_Chrome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1176" data-original-width="719" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDEZXcrdd0Wo06FHx3KleBRkPNO7_AbuCAWZYe4O3q2z3HB1Hswg6wlMkQ02HLe-LpnEYoLswSLKugQ7k27RZV6Tr874Dtb70qjVS-NDyVm94lVGtLW_AhAXNlsdH006pqnC2lx6JjrwJMr_qWve9qhnxKL5IdAz5ozzep-3yDDb4CPDiE4Zu9AOykfQ/w245-h400/Screenshot_20230612-174435_Chrome.jpg" width="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.2 Output Waveform in simulator </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-29790307041301843472023-05-19T08:00:00.038+05:302023-05-19T08:00:00.148+05:30LED Chaser Circuit Using BC547<p style="text-align: justify;"> LED Chaser Circuit is an electronic Circuit in which various LEDs blink in such a manner that it looks like each first LED is chasing second one. </p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Components Required:- </h4><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Five LEDs (can add as much depending upon the source).</p><p>2. Five BC547</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Ten resistors 56k, 1k or 10k, 220 ohm or 680 ohm, 33k </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Five Electrolytic Capacitor 10 microfarad 25 V, or 22 microfarad 25 V or 47 microfarad 25 V</p><p>5. Bread Board </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Connecting wires </p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Circuit Diagram:- </h4><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZeb9D8UvSnTunOE70_W4aHrX4iO6VLwQMsbuNsG4I8Hm-WLn7T4o1T2xsGyf3xsUWTwefILy-A_3qMpjrbu8ijO-hWq7yqArtRUKmZ397krSABiMzgkVPQz5MQpdRK5jnezRrX1imzAMW7HG5dOEzm85Ri7JkodL64vM2Vgpc5bXtNcMy-1EZZxnYLQ/s1280/LED%20CHASER-schematic.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="1280" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZeb9D8UvSnTunOE70_W4aHrX4iO6VLwQMsbuNsG4I8Hm-WLn7T4o1T2xsGyf3xsUWTwefILy-A_3qMpjrbu8ijO-hWq7yqArtRUKmZ397krSABiMzgkVPQz5MQpdRK5jnezRrX1imzAMW7HG5dOEzm85Ri7JkodL64vM2Vgpc5bXtNcMy-1EZZxnYLQ/w400-h279/LED%20CHASER-schematic.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.1 LED Chaser Circuit </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">Working:- </h4><p style="text-align: justify;">In LED Chaser Circuit Transistors switching is done by operating them in saturation and cut off mode. To do this an electrolytic capacitor is placed between collector terminal of first transistor to base terminal of next transistor and so on. Electrolytic Capacitor basically performs duty of providing base signal to transistor by charging and discharging. When the circuit is supplied by 5 Volts battery any one or more transistors starts to act in saturation mode because of base current supplied to transistors through base resistances respectively LED start to glow on switching on the transistors.</p><p>Note:- There must be a 220 ohm resistor with each LED to limit LED forward current. While making the circuit keep this in mind because LED may burn. I did not add R12 because of components limitations but while making it practically it is necessary to add 220 ohm resistor. If using 9 Volt Battery then use 680 ohm, 33k or 1k and 56 k combinations of LEDs.As LED normal operation current is 10 to 20 mA.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-19375406440993646142023-05-04T09:00:00.001+05:302023-05-04T09:00:00.140+05:30Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBO0g1WBOEsxu7QXnntFl-XOD6_MJyJRgXXS2nyM9TUJYj9JwD6NQoS1xeoWciR5zo9l7SFXqxBsJjqXtNfZNwy7WQIWPO2d_pog-Vx5eoe31hgypFbdizYwOLzs9rSc5OO1T8vSlwylgmikrqAm_7CH6BH1R6HsrL9EfMqN3LLuZKEDjTv_zs8FhF_g/s1200/IAPE230502.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBO0g1WBOEsxu7QXnntFl-XOD6_MJyJRgXXS2nyM9TUJYj9JwD6NQoS1xeoWciR5zo9l7SFXqxBsJjqXtNfZNwy7WQIWPO2d_pog-Vx5eoe31hgypFbdizYwOLzs9rSc5OO1T8vSlwylgmikrqAm_7CH6BH1R6HsrL9EfMqN3LLuZKEDjTv_zs8FhF_g/w640-h336/IAPE230502.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Circuit Diagram</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">A circuit diagram of the single phase half wave controlled rectifier with RL load is given in Fig. 1. The single phase half wave controlled rectifier circuit consists of a Thyristor switch only. An ac voltage source (v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">s</span>) is connected at the input while a resistive-inductive (RL) load is connected at the output. The thyristor is turned on after applying a firing pulse.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_YxtimKqWpqjjLUaWgYRiN6VETVEf73W51WHw7054xMjbcynKVISpx7QuWaWEd_ezsE3iqfUyQbOmNdMvJ7CgkIYG7_18Dk9FWi1oUzCX2P5Ipe6iMYwBzUwprnpAcRsb06Hr7Wh8ZvJpkeVldE2hDVxcP4I0hlv6X6_t4F7c4yJKolbaoEp1uiKnkA/s292/PE2401%20230502.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="292" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_YxtimKqWpqjjLUaWgYRiN6VETVEf73W51WHw7054xMjbcynKVISpx7QuWaWEd_ezsE3iqfUyQbOmNdMvJ7CgkIYG7_18Dk9FWi1oUzCX2P5Ipe6iMYwBzUwprnpAcRsb06Hr7Wh8ZvJpkeVldE2hDVxcP4I0hlv6X6_t4F7c4yJKolbaoEp1uiKnkA/s1600/PE2401%20230502.png" width="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of the single phase half wave controlled rectifier with RL load.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3>Operating Mode</h3><div>The<span style="text-align: justify;"> single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with RL load </span>operates in two modes.<p></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Mode-1: When Thyristor is OFF</h4><p style="text-align: justify;">During this mode, Thyristor is OFF. The equivalent circuit diagram of the single phase half wave controlled rectifier with the RL load is given in Fig. 2. As the thyristor is OFF, hence output voltage and current will be zero. During this mode, all the input will be seen across the thyristor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7K6d5jxm8MvQiFkhqnXcazzsRgr-flCknYT30Ha-boUitIsqSbB7upLS--aVJVoo8F_TZuLO3GCWpSEDhyYn_Hif_9usMT9TRykZUI__6BL-UYroS55SjGigjelQiwm6oyhSVFdjZlDNK90Vxg5gDyD2yCQlZytQ-HppaFwvxDaY9lIShLXcRazZhg/s290/PE2402%20230502.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="290" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7K6d5jxm8MvQiFkhqnXcazzsRgr-flCknYT30Ha-boUitIsqSbB7upLS--aVJVoo8F_TZuLO3GCWpSEDhyYn_Hif_9usMT9TRykZUI__6BL-UYroS55SjGigjelQiwm6oyhSVFdjZlDNK90Vxg5gDyD2yCQlZytQ-HppaFwvxDaY9lIShLXcRazZhg/s1600/PE2402%20230502.png" width="290" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit diagram of the <span style="text-align: justify;">single phase half wave controlled rectifier with the RL load</span> during Mode-1.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span></div><h4>Mode-2: When Thyristor is ON</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">During this mode, a firing pulse switched ON the Thyristor. The equivalent circuit diagram of the single phase half wave controlled rectifier with RL load is given in Fig. 3. As the Thyristor is ON, a small voltage will drop across the thyristor (let V<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;">T</span>). While the voltage drop across the thyristor is considered zero in this article. Hence all the input will be seen across the output.</div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6F4inMxlyN2pfrJ6XrV5v_2U2yVRPEFEqk4bwmVUjWAP0GjY4sXkxIT82mebveOiMS5j1WI7kz41zEyP1soiKxs-wBEnJ4ZeDDOG_o-K4k_dnYr3CHctDzAkUsiBXQe4ayWm_Tp3HYhNtpiWjUXoNJOcq1Kf8Ib4smkklYLgPlJu74hqZrJyYQIk5dg/s290/PE2403%20230502.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="290" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6F4inMxlyN2pfrJ6XrV5v_2U2yVRPEFEqk4bwmVUjWAP0GjY4sXkxIT82mebveOiMS5j1WI7kz41zEyP1soiKxs-wBEnJ4ZeDDOG_o-K4k_dnYr3CHctDzAkUsiBXQe4ayWm_Tp3HYhNtpiWjUXoNJOcq1Kf8Ib4smkklYLgPlJu74hqZrJyYQIk5dg/s1600/PE2403%20230502.png" width="290" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 3 Equivalent circuit diagram of the <span style="text-align: justify;">single phase half wave controlled rectifier with RL load</span> during Mode-2.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The average value of output voltage across the RL load is calculated with the following expression.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">dc</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= (V<span style="font-size: xx-small;">m</span><span>/2π) </span>✕ (cosα-cosβ)</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The maximum value of output voltage across the RL load is calculated with the following expression.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">dcm</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= V<span style="font-size: xx-small;">m</span><span>/π</span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The normalized value of output voltage across the RL load is calculated with the following expression.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">n</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= <span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">dc</span>/<span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">dcm </span>= 0.5 (cosα-cosβ)</div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The rms value of output voltage across the RL load is calculated with the following expression.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">rms</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= (V<span style="font-size: xx-small;">m</span><span>/2) </span>✕ [(1/π) ( β - α - (sin2β-sin2α)/2 )]^(1/2)</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Waveforms</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveforms for the <span style="text-align: justify;">single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier</span> with RL load are shown in </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">Fig. 4</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">. </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveform of the ac input voltage source </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">is shown in red color.</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"> The waveform of the firing signal is shown with pink color.</span></span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveform of the voltage across the resistive load </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">is shown in blue color. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveform of the current through the resistive load </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">is shown with green color. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveform of the voltage across the thyristor </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">is shown with orange color.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7D-TGmxP5B5oBVW6zpsD44jdXNUOW-yPOiuan4waysv2Rzlzo-s6iN-qtcPkDl400p5Bt2LvjACDgBc_ZpItvRmrAJgP9d5Uxm67w5Azq9mT93xqslTrwMhnoNUd0y6ZFLzLWeGP0lmm1cICjqcXs4pGxj3PptMPF3FW-3xXsXb-Iv3qB7LMmZTfww/s725/PE2404%20230502.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="725" data-original-width="467" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7D-TGmxP5B5oBVW6zpsD44jdXNUOW-yPOiuan4waysv2Rzlzo-s6iN-qtcPkDl400p5Bt2LvjACDgBc_ZpItvRmrAJgP9d5Uxm67w5Azq9mT93xqslTrwMhnoNUd0y6ZFLzLWeGP0lmm1cICjqcXs4pGxj3PptMPF3FW-3xXsXb-Iv3qB7LMmZTfww/w258-h400/PE2404%20230502.png" width="258" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 4 Waveforms for the <span style="text-align: justify;">single phase half wave controlled rectifier</span> with RL load.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><h4>Reference</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">P. S. Bimchra, “Power Electronics,” Khanna Publishers, Fourth Edition, pp. 251-253, 2006.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4>Author</h4><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQFCdxI8nL5z3GegH6jJR2xp--G8d4e1LyB7JqENvgKBlRXB6rxHaAwwUHTOnjhEnJuzx5uryTts1WxmQbeCUcKcYfrER7gQ6rIxIf4BG8IMCumBhLRegVBtNHchihaX9PHkzkmZ9QTmhd9_-FcIr2NhU06Gkg1g9KxBx7dntQC0vhwCgUfqfrCJwWfw/s829/230417%20P.%20S.%20Jamwal%20Passportsize%20Photo%20-%201.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="829" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQFCdxI8nL5z3GegH6jJR2xp--G8d4e1LyB7JqENvgKBlRXB6rxHaAwwUHTOnjhEnJuzx5uryTts1WxmQbeCUcKcYfrER7gQ6rIxIf4BG8IMCumBhLRegVBtNHchihaX9PHkzkmZ9QTmhd9_-FcIr2NhU06Gkg1g9KxBx7dntQC0vhwCgUfqfrCJwWfw/w200-h200/230417%20P.%20S.%20Jamwal%20Passportsize%20Photo%20-%201.jpeg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paramjeet Singh Jamwal</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2012/11/PSJamwal.html">Paramjeet Singh Jamwal</a> </b>also<b> </b>authored articles on the <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basics%20of%20matlab%20programming">Basics of MATLAB Programming</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basics%20of%20matlab%20simulink?&max-results=10">Basics of MATLAB Simulink</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electrical%20Engineering?&max-results=10">Basic Electrical Engineering</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Power%20Station?&max-results=10">Power Station</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electromagnetic%20Field%20Theory?&max-results=10">Electromagnetic Field Theory</a>, and many more for the <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/" target="_blank">INFO4EEE Website</a>.</div></div>Paramjeet Singh Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17551910447100903456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-48234174659363771882023-04-19T05:00:00.002+05:302023-04-19T05:00:00.158+05:30Audio Amplifier Circuit <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Audio amplifier circuit is used to amplify audio signals by increasing their amplitude. In this article a simple class A amplifier will be used to amplify audio signal with the use of BC547 npn transistor.</span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Components Required:- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Transistor BC547</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Resistors </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Capacitors</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Battery 9 Volt</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Connecting wires</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Breadboard </p><p><br /></p><p>Circuit Diagram:- </p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMOsWCK16rdrXV1qnbNkGI6HR0Btkb0k81k5Ig6KdofCQa2xpGbCVwVNYZy0xxJEMFHqT4ZD9E_MHHa0PjqTKw4xOv2cIXeHJTzNVuzGiOiN4kqBypx8ajpbJ6byppl2Dgb9zg8YheMGRK43QZTdIInko_jLZb8tx-tyjsFgcjEoi5iqUsoxxF_33iFg/s674/Screenshot_20230409-165152_Chrome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="674" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMOsWCK16rdrXV1qnbNkGI6HR0Btkb0k81k5Ig6KdofCQa2xpGbCVwVNYZy0xxJEMFHqT4ZD9E_MHHa0PjqTKw4xOv2cIXeHJTzNVuzGiOiN4kqBypx8ajpbJ6byppl2Dgb9zg8YheMGRK43QZTdIInko_jLZb8tx-tyjsFgcjEoi5iqUsoxxF_33iFg/w400-h309/Screenshot_20230409-165152_Chrome.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.1 Audio Amplifier Circuit </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">Working:- In this circuit Transistor BC547 is working in active mode and connected in potential divider biasing arrangement. Electrolytic Capacitor C1 is used to bypass high frequency noise near transistor emitter terminal and C2 is used as coupling capacitor. Loudspeaker being used is 0.5 Watt, 10 Volt and 8 ohm. If we go through calculations current drawn by speaker will come around 8 mA. When audio signal is applied to the base of transistor it acts active mode and produces amplified signal at collector terminal. </p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-55712994557324587642023-04-14T09:00:00.010+05:302023-04-14T09:00:00.178+05:30What is Long Short-Term Memory ?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV80M4fhVB13bzPjSHvpXW-XHCEOhS1yLl0XNaPrfAgGYmoUHOfjtdkik471IZIarNXxYrkuXbCj5u2unjI8wfbRq88T-G0k-ZZ06qBOLZL_v8ZfV7hiy5Jjr9VP_2PfFdJeaJPChWeFVrFe6_YaGhmxQuOVDh692M_3nTC8JvP_8ASggovwfwNyg38A/s720/21.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV80M4fhVB13bzPjSHvpXW-XHCEOhS1yLl0XNaPrfAgGYmoUHOfjtdkik471IZIarNXxYrkuXbCj5u2unjI8wfbRq88T-G0k-ZZ06qBOLZL_v8ZfV7hiy5Jjr9VP_2PfFdJeaJPChWeFVrFe6_YaGhmxQuOVDh692M_3nTC8JvP_8ASggovwfwNyg38A/s320/21.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">LONG SHORT - TERM MEMORY (LSTM) ???<br />I think I saw this term somewhere 🤔... Maybe in one of the previous articles 😕.<br />That's right !! We saw it when we learned about recurrent neural networks (<a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2022/10/recurrent-neural-network-based.html">RNNs</a>).</p><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="clear: both;"><span><span style="line-height: 17.12px;"><span>In LSTM networks, the output from the previous phase is sent into the current step as input. </span></span></span>LSTM is designed by Hochreiter & Schmidhuber. It addressed the issue of long-term RNN dependency, in which the RNN can predict words from current data but cannot predict words held in long-term memory. RNN's performance becomes less effective as the gap length rises. By default, LSTM may save the data for a very long time. It is utilized for time-series data processing, forecasting, and classification.</p><p style="clear: both;">LSTM is a type of RNN which are specially designed to handle sequential data, including time series, speech, and text. LSTM networks are particularly suited for applications like language translation, speech recognition, and time series forecasting because they can learn long-term relationships in sequential data.</p><p style="clear: both;">Since there is just one hidden state in a typical RNN, learning long-term dependencies might be challenging for the network. This issue is solved by LSTMs by including memory cells, which are containers that can store data for a long time. The memory cells are classified as the input gate, the forget gate, and the output gate. These gates determine what data should be the input and output of the memory cell. The input and forget gates control the information added to and removed from the memory cell. Additionally, the output gate regulates the output of the memory cell. This enables LSTM networks to learn long-term dependencies by deciding which information to keep or discard as it moves through the network.</p><p style="clear: both;">Deep LSTM networks can recognize even more intricate patterns in sequential data and can be designed by stacking LSTMs. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a type of neural network design that may be used with LSTMs to analyze images and videos.</p><p style="clear: both;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiwbhOHHcT2TrKPAOAvh9uBeKkFWzhN0Oika9Qo2wRA9qc9dfmaAx_8vWbvhgTpZfhbbb9l4lGDLWG6cs1kNKoSu0xqxTdVSYgtQ9U2WWDJutlfsIevgI7Rh3lTWar0OoHMwyqyuQnRTDNxbMmDVgrsXHLMDZIQ88TWuOMGag8T8WktFiNTV2gU5SNEdg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="548" data-original-width="731" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiwbhOHHcT2TrKPAOAvh9uBeKkFWzhN0Oika9Qo2wRA9qc9dfmaAx_8vWbvhgTpZfhbbb9l4lGDLWG6cs1kNKoSu0xqxTdVSYgtQ9U2WWDJutlfsIevgI7Rh3lTWar0OoHMwyqyuQnRTDNxbMmDVgrsXHLMDZIQ88TWuOMGag8T8WktFiNTV2gU5SNEdg=s16000" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Fig. </b>A generalized LSTM model</div><p style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 17.12px;"><span>Hope you guys like the article. S</span></span><span>tay tuned and keep supporting 😊. </span><span>Kindly give your valuable suggestions in the comments section 🙏.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2021/12/akshay-juneja.html">Akshay Juneja</a> authored 20+ articles for INFO4EEE Website on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Deep%20Learning">Deep Learning</a><span>.</span></span></p></div><p></p>Akshay Junejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00648096632004164356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-67471640441336072662023-03-24T09:00:00.010+05:302023-03-24T16:34:05.805+05:30What is Convolution in Deep Learning ?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-R06oDTP0xNv_C9KGqu-dpcSj-7110yslbW5SeFHlZsUF_U0jnnSaePdBro_uV_s97-p3JxdBGF6QUMJ5rFf9eveQUsViN1I7mcXstqnI0i9ADShJTdVvSsw-Ba7KgdvlgJgQeS0tyhMACe1fT50depksuyDOGVDRfdrq0OTVp_IFxvQN61NU9kX89g/s720/20.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-R06oDTP0xNv_C9KGqu-dpcSj-7110yslbW5SeFHlZsUF_U0jnnSaePdBro_uV_s97-p3JxdBGF6QUMJ5rFf9eveQUsViN1I7mcXstqnI0i9ADShJTdVvSsw-Ba7KgdvlgJgQeS0tyhMACe1fT50depksuyDOGVDRfdrq0OTVp_IFxvQN61NU9kX89g/s320/20.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Welcome back, readers !! Today we are going to learn about the input layer and convolution layer in deep neural networks.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From today onwards, we will refer to all neural networks, namely <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2022/09/convolution-neural-network-based.html">CNN</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2022/10/recurrent-neural-network-based.html">RNN</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2022/11/convolution-recurrent-neural-network.html">CRNN</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2022/12/generative-adversarial-network-based.html">GAN</a>, and other architectures as deep neural networks (DNN), for a few of the upcoming articles.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Input layer</span></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It is the first layer of a DNN that allows an image or a signal to enter the architecture for computation. For instance, the resolution of the input image is fixed at <span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">256×256</span> for further processing.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Convolution Layer</span></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The foundation of a DNN is a convolutional layer. It has a number of filters (or kernels), that are used to select and extract the features from images throughout the course of training. Typically, the filters' size is less than the original image. Each filter produces a feature map after it convolves with the image.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">For simplicity of understanding, we will assume images as 2D only. So, if the size of an image is <span style="text-align: left;">n</span><sub style="text-align: left;">1 </sub><span style="text-align: left;">× m</span><sub style="text-align: left;">1</sub> and the size of a filter is <span style="text-align: left;">n</span><sub style="text-align: left;">2 </sub><span style="text-align: left;">× m</span><sub style="text-align: left;">2</sub>, the output of the convolution layer is <span style="text-align: left;">(n</span><sub style="text-align: left;">1 </sub><span style="text-align: left;">– m</span><sub style="text-align: left;">1</sub><span style="text-align: left;"> + 1) × (n</span><sub style="text-align: left;">2 </sub><span style="text-align: left;">– m</span><sub style="text-align: left;">2</sub><span style="text-align: left;">
+ 1).</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="1214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT9iKXUR9W3KP3qaY_dIykphA085ntOW9Qhhcvy_FPIf5Oh_mX5fOqPX64M4MM_9eWj-GyKy1M5vM-zNjjiyxUADnAUjZOpdXtSsGi31R6PCN6jwXnByFYdDSzSQxUu7TH5pVoL_P2PiJTrujKz2MW8_61jDcYQjHjIQ8SyGbp_Xv0vY8X1NcEfEb02g/s16000/convolution%20layer.PNG" /></span></div><p style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Fig.</b> Working of Convolution Layer</span></p><p style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the above figure, the image's pixel values are represented as I11, I12, I13, ..., In1m1. The pixel values of the filter are represented as F11, F12, F21, and F22. The pixel values of convolved output are represented as C11, C12, and so on, such that,</span></p><p style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C11
= (I11×F11) + (I12×F12) + (I21×F21) + (I22×F22)</span></p><p style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C11
= (I11×F11) + (I12×F12) + (I21×F21) + (I22×F22)</span></p><h4 style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Transposed Convolution Layer</span></h4><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It is just the inverse of what we did with the convolution layer. I</span><span style="text-align: justify;">f the size of an image is </span><span>n</span><sub>1 </sub><span>× m</span><sub>1</sub><span style="text-align: justify;"> and the size of a filter is </span><span>n</span><sub>2 </sub><span>× m</span><sub>2</sub><span style="text-align: justify;">, the output of the convolution layer is </span><span>(n</span><sub>1 </sub><span>+ m</span><sub>1</sub><span> – 1) × (n</span><sub>2 </sub><span>+ m</span><sub>2</sub><span> </span>– 1).</p><h4 style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Parameters of Convolution Layer</span></h4><p style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The main parameters of convolution are number of filters, stride and pooling.</span></span></p><p style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Number of filters</span></span></li></ul><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">The more the number of filters, the better the efficiency of feature extraction.</blockquote><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Stride</span></span></li></ul><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">In layman's terms, the stride is the number of rows or columns the filter jumps to generate the succeeding output pixel value.</blockquote><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Padding</li></ul><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Padding refers to the additional layers at the boundary of the convolved output. It is used to obtain the output of the desired dimension.</blockquote><p>These parameters will be discussed in one of the future articles. </p><p style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span>Hope you guys like the article. S</span></span><span>tay tuned and keep supporting 😊. </span><span>Kindly give your valuable suggestions in the comments section 🙏.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2021/12/akshay-juneja.html">Akshay Juneja</a> authored 20 articles for INFO4EEE Website on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Deep%20Learning">Deep Learning</a><span>.</span></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>Akshay Junejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00648096632004164356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-5493549602583340772023-03-19T05:00:00.016+05:302023-03-19T05:00:00.206+05:30Water level indicator using transistor <p> In this article we will discuss about the basic concept behind a water level indicator circuit and learn to build it.</p><p>A water level indicator indicates the water level in tank with LED indications, we will use three LED to indicate water level. Red LED for low water level, yellow LED for medium water level and green LED for full or high water level in tank. Further with this we can add up a buzzer when water tank goes empty.</p><p>Components Required:- </p><p>1. Four Transistors BC547</p><p>2. Four resistors of quarter watt 1k and three resistors of quarter watt 100E</p><p>3. Three LED and one buzzer</p><p>4. Five wires</p><p>5. 9 volt Battery </p><p>6. Breadboard </p><p>Circuit Diagram:-</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZDfwmJNGMwdbJ-G_5oRvLzlLcNvBMGTOcbw9cuQBQY1hDtb8gQfSsC7p6gfT0tZONRj5BCJu8cHGXKbKUUez7t-Udu1c3e-LUvHSe2IgeTmthD2L7mg3pMXUWMqjnqoAWPr_i_wKNZBnd7a6MEclRLn1ZoYRMict7G82SdOsEuLsIjFdclaK0d4Fgfw/s693/Screenshot_20230303-023535_Chrome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="693" data-original-width="523" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZDfwmJNGMwdbJ-G_5oRvLzlLcNvBMGTOcbw9cuQBQY1hDtb8gQfSsC7p6gfT0tZONRj5BCJu8cHGXKbKUUez7t-Udu1c3e-LUvHSe2IgeTmthD2L7mg3pMXUWMqjnqoAWPr_i_wKNZBnd7a6MEclRLn1ZoYRMict7G82SdOsEuLsIjFdclaK0d4Fgfw/w303-h400/Screenshot_20230303-023535_Chrome.jpg" width="303" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 1. Water level indicator circuit diagram </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Working:- In this circuit all four Transistors are being used as a switch, all switches remains open until base don't get supply. Base get supply when water level short respected transistor base wire and that transistor got switch on and give indication through LED and buzzer respectively according to their connections.</p><p>All five wires are hanged in water tank in which 101 wire touches the bottom of tank, Q4 transistor base set at just above the bottom level, Q3 at minimum water level, Q2 at medium water level and Q1 at high water level respectively as shown in Fig 1. </p><p>When tank will be empty then buzzer will start to blow and we can turn on the motor manually and as the water level will go above, we will get indication through LEDs.</p><p>Applications :- To check water level of any tank. I made this circuit as mini project in my diploma course.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-73029081098703802392023-03-14T09:00:00.011+05:302023-03-14T18:01:58.673+05:30How to Design a Deep Learning Neural Network ?<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeJ2qOnkQjeRzY3TK11Qu1rVSzw-ogWSmbkWh9RHsanSAhk0tvD2pKVJsjOA7SfpKUFt6qVy8sfx6pyAdXS6Ao9s7MQHphsrro8piviK5KmKs2jgq65fctMHboySsKIQVV9OULQ4do-lPD2TYlL5SZfoMp59ItNAJs1rs1tir4JeIoBGgjwONhrUY9Jw/s720/19-38.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeJ2qOnkQjeRzY3TK11Qu1rVSzw-ogWSmbkWh9RHsanSAhk0tvD2pKVJsjOA7SfpKUFt6qVy8sfx6pyAdXS6Ao9s7MQHphsrro8piviK5KmKs2jgq65fctMHboySsKIQVV9OULQ4do-lPD2TYlL5SZfoMp59ItNAJs1rs1tir4JeIoBGgjwONhrUY9Jw/s320/19-38.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Welcome back readers !!! Hope you all are doing well 😊.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">In today's article, we are going to learn about the designing of deep learning neural network.</span><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Just like we need a number of ingredients to prepare some food, there are certain ingredients to design a neural network. The main requirements to design a neural network are to have an appropriate arrangement of deep neural network layers, training parameters for hyperparameter tuning, and obviously the selection of appropriate dataset (or shall I say the set of images) on which the training is to be performed.</span></p><div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">List of Layer</span><span style="text-align: justify;">s in Deep Neural Network</span></h4><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Input Layer</li><li>Convolution Layer and its parameters</li><li>LSTM Layer</li><li>GRU Layer</li><li>Fully Connected Layer</li><li>Flatten Layer</li><li>Normalization Layer</li><li>Pooling Layer and its types</li><li>Activation Layer</li><li>Combination Layer</li><li>Output Layer</li></ol><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Training Parameters</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> in Deep Learning</span></h4><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="text-align: left;">Optimizers</span></li><li><span style="text-align: left;">Monitoring Progress</span></li><li><span style="text-align: left;">Mini-batch Options</span></li><li><span style="text-align: left;">Validation</span></li><li>Solver Options</li><li>Gradient Clipping</li></ol><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Selection of Appro</span><span style="text-align: justify;">priate Dataset</span></h4></div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span><span style="text-align: justify;">These individual headings will be discussed in detail in our upcoming articles. So stay tuned and keep supporting 😊. </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Kindly give your valuable suggestions in the comments section 🙏.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2021/12/akshay-juneja.html">Akshay Juneja</a> authored 15+ articles for INFO4EEE Website on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Deep%20Learning">Deep Learning</a><span>.</span></span></p><div><p></p></div>Akshay Junejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00648096632004164356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-23839038001845592912023-02-19T07:00:00.010+05:302023-03-05T02:39:41.913+05:30Led blinker circuit using transistor <p> LED Blinker or LED flashing circuit is most basic circuit to understand switching of transistor in cut off and saturation region. In this article we will discuss about the circuit, it's components and it's working.</p><p>Components Required:- </p><p>1. One npn transistor (bc547)</p><p>2. One pnp transistor (2n3906)</p><p>3. Resistors 1 MΩ, 1kΩ, 22 Ω, all of 1/4 watt</p><p>4. Electrolytic Capacitor 2.2 μF, 25 Volt</p><p>5. 9 Volt Battery </p><p>6. Bread Board </p><p>7. Connection wires</p><p>Circuit Diagram:- </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvdvQfVKbS0lR4E9Bwl6CsrKV1HX0NXnoCOluobes8h4ScPhI9yqRtS93b1KNaqGClrYPceZ7lGRPHAmEFM5AdQj_mt2tMY94QvJxjr_KFkOgew16sF--r2wnL_dsho3gScJ_p0nAsP2dcSb5eeClcqM7oN74EyKdFW2NQTQ1yA7Ca1nCJKBSNAxWfWQ/s636/Screenshot_20230124-062452_Chrome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="631" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvdvQfVKbS0lR4E9Bwl6CsrKV1HX0NXnoCOluobes8h4ScPhI9yqRtS93b1KNaqGClrYPceZ7lGRPHAmEFM5AdQj_mt2tMY94QvJxjr_KFkOgew16sF--r2wnL_dsho3gScJ_p0nAsP2dcSb5eeClcqM7oN74EyKdFW2NQTQ1yA7Ca1nCJKBSNAxWfWQ/w396-h400/Screenshot_20230124-062452_Chrome.jpg" width="396" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1 LED Blinker circuit using transistors<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>In this circuit bc547 transistor switching is done using a 2n3906 transistor and capacitor. When bc547 transistor acts in saturation mode LED starts glowing and when bc547 transistor acts in cut off mode LED does not glow.</p><p><br /></p><p>Working :- When 9 V supply is given to the circuit upper pn diode of 2n3906 i.e. pnp transistor conducts and charges 2.2 μF capacitor. Once the capacitor get fully charged it discharges through 1 MΩ resistor which provides base current to 2n3906 transistor and transistor starts conducting. As shown in fig1. Collector of 2n3906 is connected to base of bc547 transistor which drive this transistor into saturation mode and collector current passes through transistor to emitter and LED starts glowing.</p><p>When capacitor get fully discharged base current of 2n3907 transistor becomes to small to drive it. </p><p>Bread Board circuit:- </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNHPS4rrXzeipYXKKqdGFT88odQ8e3YZOCYfejAQk7KuV8U1r-73Q10SWKqUQ5U-pW5oXfafByLnwAMvAiN4CstWFdZXVmwtP3_lvsJlXz73UdpI5pJztm9Eox8b_F-K-UZASwuAT62K42BbRF1fQXtLqru3rdRllvj8KvbRUr6QlpfVTO1YLIQ1l34Q/s3298/20230201_101316.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3298" data-original-width="2589" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNHPS4rrXzeipYXKKqdGFT88odQ8e3YZOCYfejAQk7KuV8U1r-73Q10SWKqUQ5U-pW5oXfafByLnwAMvAiN4CstWFdZXVmwtP3_lvsJlXz73UdpI5pJztm9Eox8b_F-K-UZASwuAT62K42BbRF1fQXtLqru3rdRllvj8KvbRUr6QlpfVTO1YLIQ1l34Q/w314-h400/20230201_101316.jpg" width="314" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.2 Bread Board Connection </td></tr></tbody></table><p><br />Application:- This circuit can be used in two colour (Red/Green) torch for giving signals in railways, for decoration, in toys, security purpose and also as indicator.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-4350795229495420782023-02-04T09:00:00.015+05:302023-02-04T09:00:00.191+05:30Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier With Resistive Load<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zc7EVPC6q-aYuaRm7uHjqfZ-fZj3yah5mvRnQuKunWxmK4MV5elo2zUdi1xTgMN9x8pYGHRfIea6HIavr5V-8tVWLVeEi35c1QBbcgnrVd64h_pnbje-NTLKniBvv2xdyIvbKb1_KBN27_OfIP3Fg7H3L8Ky_7jsvl-6dc4u0dHaUVVIu9eN-D-Abw/s1200/Poster%20220622%20-%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zc7EVPC6q-aYuaRm7uHjqfZ-fZj3yah5mvRnQuKunWxmK4MV5elo2zUdi1xTgMN9x8pYGHRfIea6HIavr5V-8tVWLVeEi35c1QBbcgnrVd64h_pnbje-NTLKniBvv2xdyIvbKb1_KBN27_OfIP3Fg7H3L8Ky_7jsvl-6dc4u0dHaUVVIu9eN-D-Abw/w640-h336/Poster%20220622%20-%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Circuit Diagram</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The circuit diagram of the single phase half wave controlled rectifier with resistive load is given in Fig. 1. The single phase half wave controlled rectifier circuit consists of a Thyristor switch only. An ac voltage source (v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">s</span>) is connected at the input while a resistive (R) load is connected at the output. The thyristor is turned on after applying a firing pulse.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZL95K0GfNaVI7L1vfAIT1j8EOhjcO6T4NdQPdnTEeonAdZuNOQDhvPsZwSLxC9QznYcR8LecYUjxd8G6oYY5pk_MCuL09Aek0WjkqHqzu9M3CaSvxl03PPecNOy3ovxTMETcqsZ-n-snkimA1VHNIPXrFrti4Z7n1VHBNK8yYcJqN76fTPGID7gvnCA/s532/PE2301%20230128.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="532" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZL95K0GfNaVI7L1vfAIT1j8EOhjcO6T4NdQPdnTEeonAdZuNOQDhvPsZwSLxC9QznYcR8LecYUjxd8G6oYY5pk_MCuL09Aek0WjkqHqzu9M3CaSvxl03PPecNOy3ovxTMETcqsZ-n-snkimA1VHNIPXrFrti4Z7n1VHBNK8yYcJqN76fTPGID7gvnCA/s320/PE2301%20230128.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of the single phase half wave controlled rectifier with resistive load.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3>Working</h3><div>The<span style="text-align: justify;"> single phase half wave controlled rectifier with resistive load </span>operates in two modes.<p></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Mode-1: Thyristor is OFF (0 to α and π to 2π)</h4><p style="text-align: justify;">During this mode, Thyristor is OFF. The equivalent circuit diagram of the single phase half wave controlled rectifier with the resistive load during mode-1 is given in Fig. 2. As the thyristor is OFF, hence output current will be zero. Therefore, the output voltage will also be zero. Hence all the input will be seen across the thyristor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimgYJxPRIeTWkxmRDP-FXqBWBb0UknOYatIZvlQFkJifJ1pBnAZu5xPHhAZsaY-b4_b37nhIRPCHNryy0U0VqHnZ07DJH0IYVxAKRMjv-z96VMiNdr75OUuXZtyB7oAW5pI-hrEhsbaPBjRoK0QcocS-3mf5i8fGP9UxALMtXrlGUxoF8Wc0hfWrKgKw/s428/PE2303%20230128.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="428" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimgYJxPRIeTWkxmRDP-FXqBWBb0UknOYatIZvlQFkJifJ1pBnAZu5xPHhAZsaY-b4_b37nhIRPCHNryy0U0VqHnZ07DJH0IYVxAKRMjv-z96VMiNdr75OUuXZtyB7oAW5pI-hrEhsbaPBjRoK0QcocS-3mf5i8fGP9UxALMtXrlGUxoF8Wc0hfWrKgKw/s320/PE2303%20230128.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit diagram of the <span style="text-align: justify;">single phase half wave controlled rectifier with the resistive load</span> during Mode-1.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span></div><h4>Mode-2: Thyristor is ON (α to π)</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">During this mode, a firing pulse switched ON the Thyristor. The equivalent circuit diagram of the single phase half wave controlled rectifier with the resistive load during mode-2 is given in Fig. 3. As the Thyristor is ON, a small voltage will drop across the thyristor (let V<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;">T</span>). While the voltage drop across the thyristor is considered zero in this article. Hence all the input will be seen across the output.</div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAe5ooic5sq9JD9HFMRbQd2KjYHFbrVSDNhpoJSJxiisYrGsqcxVupC2hVOplMg2iaYPEh65qGgKIwaaf5ADrTnlr08e7d8KguXMPN7CevXe8E0jjSs6Errh2t7TUaU8SvKiV89IgxqU4WErod38fhzqLBBHQojdnmk1P9I-rYMpdHIuj2jcn2uzOB4g/s397/PE2304%20230128.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="395" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAe5ooic5sq9JD9HFMRbQd2KjYHFbrVSDNhpoJSJxiisYrGsqcxVupC2hVOplMg2iaYPEh65qGgKIwaaf5ADrTnlr08e7d8KguXMPN7CevXe8E0jjSs6Errh2t7TUaU8SvKiV89IgxqU4WErod38fhzqLBBHQojdnmk1P9I-rYMpdHIuj2jcn2uzOB4g/s320/PE2304%20230128.png" width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 3 Equivalent circuit diagram of the <span style="text-align: justify;">single phase half wave controlled rectifier with the resistive load</span> during Mode-2.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The average value of output voltage across the resistor (R) is calculated with the following expression.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">dc</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= (V<span style="font-size: xx-small;">m</span><span>/2π) </span>✕ (1+cosα)</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The maximum value of output voltage across the resistor (R) is calculated with the following expression.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">dcm</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= V<span style="font-size: xx-small;">m</span><span>/π</span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The normalized value of output voltage across the resistor (R) is calculated with the following expression.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">n</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= <span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">dc</span>/<span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">dcm </span>= 0.5 (1+cosα)</div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The rms value of output voltage across the resistor (R) is calculated with the following expression.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">V</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">rms</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= (V<span style="font-size: xx-small;">m</span><span>/2) </span>✕ [(1/π) ( π - α + (sin2α)/2 )]^(1/2)</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Waveforms</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveforms for the <span style="text-align: justify;">single phase half wave controlled rectifier</span> with resistive load are shown in </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">Fig. 4</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">. </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveform of the ac input voltage source </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">is shown in red color.</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"> The waveform of the firing signal is shown with pink color.</span></span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveform of the voltage across the resistive load </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">is shown with blue color. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveform of the current through the resistive load </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">is shown with green color. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">The waveform of the voltage across the thyristor </span></span><span style="text-align: center;">is shown with orange color.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnkjv0ta1F7FnLn8ER6yJzgZCkUulr3iwxDdMABNB0hHrh421Xy65IchPCh2KdWTJahcu0KBALkDzVeEpj2ljIFJx9-P7p6-Vq-wOiZnAEmP7NMSIaij56wZSuPqTg8P8dXALXK6HWHBDqm37MQncapgwLC1QtZt5c7Mh8JiU2OmLN1rE1-vVtI2PH9Q/s731/PE2302%20230128.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="451" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnkjv0ta1F7FnLn8ER6yJzgZCkUulr3iwxDdMABNB0hHrh421Xy65IchPCh2KdWTJahcu0KBALkDzVeEpj2ljIFJx9-P7p6-Vq-wOiZnAEmP7NMSIaij56wZSuPqTg8P8dXALXK6HWHBDqm37MQncapgwLC1QtZt5c7Mh8JiU2OmLN1rE1-vVtI2PH9Q/w394-h640/PE2302%20230128.png" width="394" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 4 Waveforms for the <span style="text-align: justify;">single phase half wave controlled rectifier</span> with resistive load.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h4>Reference</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">M. H. Rashid, “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications,” Prentice Hall India, Second Edition, pp. 131-132, 2006.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4>Author</h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaJ_WmFnm-es91ATKmvXKmUZ8apNYJlDrMuKzYDTAtX-QIGD8SvQRUwrcgffj17Bw2LaI5e41phEuw7ri0FlfUPho3Lw_02eNuZ0fr3NKPdipCa9TKp7puuZariExgEsiWBEg0k-ihphmGTroN6RWl9QxGcgwDzB81MKrTtivCOmHmwM5mUpmW9WEYVg=s269" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="235" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaJ_WmFnm-es91ATKmvXKmUZ8apNYJlDrMuKzYDTAtX-QIGD8SvQRUwrcgffj17Bw2LaI5e41phEuw7ri0FlfUPho3Lw_02eNuZ0fr3NKPdipCa9TKp7puuZariExgEsiWBEg0k-ihphmGTroN6RWl9QxGcgwDzB81MKrTtivCOmHmwM5mUpmW9WEYVg=w174-h200" width="174" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2012/11/PSJamwal.html">Paramjeet Singh Jamwal</a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">authored articles on <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basics%20of%20matlab%20programming">Basics of MATLAB Programming</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Power%20Electronics?&max-results=10">Power Electronics</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basics%20of%20matlab%20simulink?&max-results=10">Basics of MATLAB Simulink</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electrical%20Engineering?&max-results=10">Basic Electrical Engineering</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Power%20Station?&max-results=10">Power Station</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electromagnetic%20Field%20Theory?&max-results=10">Electromagnetic Field Theory</a>, and many more for the <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/" target="_blank">INFO4EEE Website</a>.</div></div>Paramjeet Singh Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17551910447100903456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-48916531471163788632023-01-19T08:00:00.039+05:302023-01-19T08:00:00.179+05:30LED switching using LDR and transistor <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div> In this article we will do automatic switching of a transistor with the help of a LDR. For this we will use a transistor in voltage divider baising configuration. Components required for making this circuit are four resistors of quarter watt, a LED,BC547 transistor, 9 V Battery and a LDR<p></p><p>LDR:- It is a light dependent resistor which resistance changes with light intensity. In light it exhibits low resistance and in dark it exhibits high resistance. Because of this property LDR is used in automatic switching of lights and motors.</p><p><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2022/05/transistor-and-its-practical.html?m=1">Transistor</a>:- Transistor is a three terminals, three layer semiconductor switching device. For using a transistor as a switch we operate it in cut off and saturation region.</p><p>Circuit Diagram:- </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJQScYd7xCt0uq_nT48boPdVgKQeXh66IcB-OfYytmeON4zs7FoPY8_3toOI5azXZvIbw7bKCG98ZzwCmYQFsi1gdj_K326S_nDawkmhd4IrGxUH-uwrd4sqrxvlKKahbGwIRoSYgK27QgILYjbqrELTDhAzaYW5UQEHWYN8XGVK3M6-YKshTbnklu3Q/s786/Screenshot_20221226-221540_Chrome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="591" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJQScYd7xCt0uq_nT48boPdVgKQeXh66IcB-OfYytmeON4zs7FoPY8_3toOI5azXZvIbw7bKCG98ZzwCmYQFsi1gdj_K326S_nDawkmhd4IrGxUH-uwrd4sqrxvlKKahbGwIRoSYgK27QgILYjbqrELTDhAzaYW5UQEHWYN8XGVK3M6-YKshTbnklu3Q/w301-h400/Screenshot_20221226-221540_Chrome.jpg" width="301" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1 Transistor working in cut off region</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5mJTaYyDF7kZ2_lwZVZeooZfI0yHU9lxdogpCXh5LED8DZtt4qBa-EBvlsT2jNDAPzhipH6DQwRVAdhMfyscmpDnwIx_x10GTGlOd83HP8GGYQQigyTxT8KbDgGR1Okl3ymQN63KWPkTKTP89n0YdwI2tYD9klzSRllAq7nNun1KM1-CyGR4HKhMzIQ/s809/Screenshot_20221226-221737_Chrome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="720" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5mJTaYyDF7kZ2_lwZVZeooZfI0yHU9lxdogpCXh5LED8DZtt4qBa-EBvlsT2jNDAPzhipH6DQwRVAdhMfyscmpDnwIx_x10GTGlOd83HP8GGYQQigyTxT8KbDgGR1Okl3ymQN63KWPkTKTP89n0YdwI2tYD9klzSRllAq7nNun1KM1-CyGR4HKhMzIQ/w356-h400/Screenshot_20221226-221737_Chrome.jpg" width="356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2 Transistor working in saturation region</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Working :- In this circuit resistor R4 is resistance of a LDR, in Fig.1 there is light so LDR resistance is low say 100 Ω and in Fig. 2 there is dark so LDR resistance is high say 100 KΩ. In first case transistor works in cut off region and very low current (pA)flows through LED so LED does not glow. While in second case transistor work in saturation region and high current (mA) flow through LED so LED starts to glow.</p><p>Above image is taken from multisim simulator.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #0000ee;"><u><br /></u></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigkVE4Hhux1NkKsPOc_Lo8fdLf0sjltNC4XwNZzotZcbi0HkiNU2vO7-9ocjXnblKzschAO79KOxKsaJLCGI0euJDP2vKdF6kNH-esBp_Ihik3WQrxXpjile3c6-V5ombTg4HRY2HvL6juZWsIwS2QVfLe0_q1bv1W1nEOK4iq2pp7LepJhvYKV1JmEg/s4160/20221228_212423.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4160" data-original-width="3120" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigkVE4Hhux1NkKsPOc_Lo8fdLf0sjltNC4XwNZzotZcbi0HkiNU2vO7-9ocjXnblKzschAO79KOxKsaJLCGI0euJDP2vKdF6kNH-esBp_Ihik3WQrxXpjile3c6-V5ombTg4HRY2HvL6juZWsIwS2QVfLe0_q1bv1W1nEOK4iq2pp7LepJhvYKV1JmEg/w300-h400/20221228_212423.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.3 When LDR exposed to light</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqIRk_ZFFSaOqkYZqA02lfG37pv2LlYzOz_2HkO-3gUb77c_zpb5W7rnYWYJJ93Fp1vkvU37NtVtyL_-PiFcojoC5PnXVfZSpvT5fFzDWc4hzBgFf9vwsVrbldplFMkJ0hmyoPDbOwyHQMu77cxJMxsZnwK0YfMIr1wO185OQ2eigiT48vjULbGFNFaA/s4160/20221228_212437.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3120" data-original-width="4160" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqIRk_ZFFSaOqkYZqA02lfG37pv2LlYzOz_2HkO-3gUb77c_zpb5W7rnYWYJJ93Fp1vkvU37NtVtyL_-PiFcojoC5PnXVfZSpvT5fFzDWc4hzBgFf9vwsVrbldplFMkJ0hmyoPDbOwyHQMu77cxJMxsZnwK0YfMIr1wO185OQ2eigiT48vjULbGFNFaA/w400-h300/20221228_212437.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.4 When LDR is placed in dark</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Fig.3 and Fig.4 shows breadboard circuit image for practical purpose.R1=100 KΩ is used to make transistor operate in cut off and saturation region.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p><p><br style="text-align: left;" /></p></div><br />A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-64502323126958364292022-12-19T10:00:00.027+05:302022-12-19T10:00:00.190+05:30LED bulb driver circuit<p style="text-align: justify;"> LED bulb driver circuit is an non isolated , transformerless power supply circuit which is used in LED bulbs to provide controlled dc voltage and current. In LED bulbs SMD LEDs are connected in series to produce light. The main problem which comes in LED bulbs is to provide constant voltage and current to all LEDs irrespective to input voltage, ambient temperature and current variations. In this article a general overview will be provided to understand LED bulb circuit working.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Main task in LED bulbs is to provide protection against over voltage, over current, short circuit, over temperature for which a 8 pin IC is used. BP2831, HW9315, PT4554 are some LED driver 8 pin ICs. These ICs have inbult 500 V Power MOSFET in it, which is used to provide precise and controlled supply to series connected LEDs. MOSFET is a gate controlled switching device which gives stable voltage and current to LEDs so that LED bulb works for long time efficiently. Further to control current and voltage a inductor is connected in series and capacitor is connected in parallel respectively. These IC senses all parameters and gives supply to gate accordingly to provide stabilze supply to LEDs.</p><h4 style="text-align: left;">LED driver circuit diagram:- </h4><p style="text-align: justify;">When 230 V AC supply is given to the circuit, it get rectified to 311 volt dc voltage where it get further smoothed by a electrolytic capacitor C1. As Capacitor does not allow sudden change in voltage, it provide slow voltage rise at pin number 4 which acts as gate of POWER MOSFET when voltage rises upto threshold value then MOSFET get turn on and supply goes through series connected LEDs and inductor to Drain (Pin 5 & 6) then to source (Pin 7 & 8) and path gets complete. </p>Here inductor provide smooth current to LEDs by opposing sudden change in current.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFwJDCZQWZm4KI_MH5YBbH-flbBB6Zz1TK0d3V37hG97d8oY3tOds7wiusdZ-oniv_4_wVW-akM3APkS26hR-Cy_oMUgbhb_eXctktB_KW7qJm30JFvVaXSZVRhdG7BGj0cTAc9biFWyU09730nNOfh3cSuZrdRI-qtNabH1b_KyN8ki_g3Jc3yv125g/s4160/20221201_113053.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3120" data-original-width="4160" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFwJDCZQWZm4KI_MH5YBbH-flbBB6Zz1TK0d3V37hG97d8oY3tOds7wiusdZ-oniv_4_wVW-akM3APkS26hR-Cy_oMUgbhb_eXctktB_KW7qJm30JFvVaXSZVRhdG7BGj0cTAc9biFWyU09730nNOfh3cSuZrdRI-qtNabH1b_KyN8ki_g3Jc3yv125g/w400-h300/20221201_113053.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1 LED driver Circuit using BP2831A IC</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>This LED driver IC changes switching of MOSFET in such a way that voltage across series connected LEDs remain always same irrespective to input voltage variations and corresponding excess voltage is dropped by series inductor L1. Frequency of MOSFET is decided by T/ON and T/OFF time of MOSFET. value of inductor can be calculated by X<span style="font-size: xx-small;">L = </span>2πfL.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Author:- </b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2014/01/ASJamwal.html?m=1" style="text-align: justify;">Amarjeet Singh Jamwal</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> authored articles on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electronics%20Engineering?&max-results=10" style="text-align: justify;">Basic Electronics Engineering</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction" style="text-align: justify;">Electric Traction</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, and </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electronics%20Practical" style="text-align: justify;">Electronics Practical</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> for INFO4EEE Website</span></p><p><br /></p><p>link for more detail for data sheet is given below </p><p><a href="https://datasheetspdf.com/datasheet/BP2831A.html">Link for BP2831A IC</a> </p>A. S. Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15031859578619875673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-64095068669825688892022-12-14T09:00:00.012+05:302022-12-14T09:00:00.159+05:30Generative Adversarial Network-Based Architecture<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3QkvojaRAdlbDIRAl98Pp8W47SaCTdKKW8x-XKVrnY6oAQ1TZmZ5sBFQBSI-DHFfuNOeOjkadvSSx72kT4ddTo_REw_PMzrp3-dRX7dmGxBYMNIGClPTLwgRKxQuH6ephrEJlatePyopX9REWS3PEgjx47ENkes83HTR0MnjIaPzuUeviebDoyFnwNg/s720/18.tif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3QkvojaRAdlbDIRAl98Pp8W47SaCTdKKW8x-XKVrnY6oAQ1TZmZ5sBFQBSI-DHFfuNOeOjkadvSSx72kT4ddTo_REw_PMzrp3-dRX7dmGxBYMNIGClPTLwgRKxQuH6ephrEJlatePyopX9REWS3PEgjx47ENkes83HTR0MnjIaPzuUeviebDoyFnwNg/w400-h400/18.tif" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Welcome to the last article of <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Deep%20Learning" style="text-align: start;">Deep Learning</a> series in the year 2022.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The latest advancement in deep learning techniques is generative adversarial network (GAN) which consists of a generator and a discriminator. I remember playing car racing games in my childhood. One such game I remember is Need For Speed. We used to have cheat codes for this game, like how to blow the car in front of us, and how to avoid police from catching our player.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This GAN model is exactly like a cheat code in deep learning's language.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The generator is trained using new examples. With large training datasets, it makes the machine believe that the images generated by it are real. The discriminator, on the other hand, decides if the image is fake or real. We can rephrase the sentence as, generator component works on <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2021/12/supervised-learning-and-unsupervised.html">regression-based model</a>, while discriminator component works on <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2021/12/supervised-learning-and-unsupervised.html">classification-based model</a>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="1159" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy69rpLhrEEEDoTwA4vR8zzptIP2gJFR_vXUuEWw1GS-1HtsMtUC5ivTh_orast2Q7B34TM7SFMqpZYjDSrLEdDS_xdqM3k299Ei7NEgGYPpmNQAwy97oIYuBSEpzOohIoWGk5c-9CiQRqujHLZfdW1DlYt5PuEO0ULeyfglFfxb_-D_5bIAJyPyKEhQ/w886-h227/4)%20gan.tif" width="886" /></div><br /><span>With the coming year 2023, we have a surprise for our readers. <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/">Info4EEE</a> team has decided to revive two old article series namely, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Biomedical%20Instrumentation?&max-results=10">Biomedical Instrumentation</a>, and <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Digital%20Image%20Processing?&max-results=10">Digital Image Processing</a>. These two series are directly or indirectly going to affect our understanding rhythm of deep learning.</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>See you next year readers. Wish you all a very Happy New Year 2023 🎉😊.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Akshay Juneja authored 15+ articles for INFO4EEE Website on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Deep%20Learning">Deep Learning</a><span>.</span></p><p></p>Akshay Junejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00648096632004164356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-80793752326043196282022-12-04T09:00:00.002+05:302022-12-04T09:00:00.196+05:30Classification of Choppers<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zc7EVPC6q-aYuaRm7uHjqfZ-fZj3yah5mvRnQuKunWxmK4MV5elo2zUdi1xTgMN9x8pYGHRfIea6HIavr5V-8tVWLVeEi35c1QBbcgnrVd64h_pnbje-NTLKniBvv2xdyIvbKb1_KBN27_OfIP3Fg7H3L8Ky_7jsvl-6dc4u0dHaUVVIu9eN-D-Abw/s1200/Poster%20220622%20-%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zc7EVPC6q-aYuaRm7uHjqfZ-fZj3yah5mvRnQuKunWxmK4MV5elo2zUdi1xTgMN9x8pYGHRfIea6HIavr5V-8tVWLVeEi35c1QBbcgnrVd64h_pnbje-NTLKniBvv2xdyIvbKb1_KBN27_OfIP3Fg7H3L8Ky_7jsvl-6dc4u0dHaUVVIu9eN-D-Abw/w640-h336/Poster%20220622%20-%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Choppers are of five types i.e. Class-A, Class-B, Class-C, Class-D, and Class-E. These choppers can be classified in three ways i.e. based on load voltage and current, based on quadrant operation, and based on the circuit diagram.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Classification of Chopper based on Load Voltage and Current</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The classification of the chopper based on load voltage and current is given in Fig. 1.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ol><li>In the class-A chopper, the load voltage and current both are positive.</li><li>In the class-B chopper, the load voltage is positive, and the current is negative.</li><li>In the class-C chopper, the load voltage is positive, and the current may be either positive or negative.</li><li>In the class-D chopper, the load voltage is either positive or negative, and the current is positive.</li><li>In the class-E chopper, the load voltage is either positive or negative, and the current is also either positive or negative.</li></ol></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJAewvDvKhahie3GirlTMNXvRo35cZkcBdsvHkV1MJbYJabtkPMWxXuKlJlKzi5Fh4qzcVC5Bngc4au6J633PxeI06C5oz_30xy0uiLzH9sWM-3n_FMbP-qV02pVF8QqMZIdXtLbQoOdAy_iVPpUc3vAkBYjLWmiP0Z2zel17SwQkBn0nKs57-KXrkrQ/s1185/PE2201%20221202.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="1185" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJAewvDvKhahie3GirlTMNXvRo35cZkcBdsvHkV1MJbYJabtkPMWxXuKlJlKzi5Fh4qzcVC5Bngc4au6J633PxeI06C5oz_30xy0uiLzH9sWM-3n_FMbP-qV02pVF8QqMZIdXtLbQoOdAy_iVPpUc3vAkBYjLWmiP0Z2zel17SwQkBn0nKs57-KXrkrQ/w400-h217/PE2201%20221202.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1 Classification of chopper based on load voltage and current</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><h3><span style="text-align: justify;">Classification of Chopper based on Quadrant Operation</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The classification of the chopper based on quadrant operation is given in Fig. 2.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ol><li>Class-A chopper is a single quadrant chopper and lies in the first quadrant.</li><li>Class-B chopper is a single quadrant chopper and lies in the second quadrant.</li><li>Class-C chopper is a two-quadrant chopper and lies in the first and second quadrants.</li><li>Class-D chopper is a two-quadrant chopper and lies in the first and fourth quadrants.</li><li>Class-E chopper is a four-quadrant chopper and lies in all four quadrants.</li></ol></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Pv33O5PwbsKmF9u0K5Echd-TTDc42K8FwC1iNAcmakDlOZ2hW_0RHDo4lfoflyO3ivHR0O1iV6B0IumTpJgUVlUNUgtqDE7hsC2fae1UUOTDFShoFSZbQUQSHDetnXdh-n86vzN9mMQxYvNpDhnsa39BnqzzWUWEMpkc2hE_BkuHPXJwXRsp5p4hUg/s928/PE2202%20221202.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="928" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Pv33O5PwbsKmF9u0K5Echd-TTDc42K8FwC1iNAcmakDlOZ2hW_0RHDo4lfoflyO3ivHR0O1iV6B0IumTpJgUVlUNUgtqDE7hsC2fae1UUOTDFShoFSZbQUQSHDetnXdh-n86vzN9mMQxYvNpDhnsa39BnqzzWUWEMpkc2hE_BkuHPXJwXRsp5p4hUg/w400-h305/PE2202%20221202.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2 Classification of chopper based on quadrant operation</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div></div><div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Classification of Chopper based on Circuit Diagram</h3><div style="text-align: justify;">The classification of the chopper based on the circuit diagram is given in Fig. 3.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ol><li>Class-A and Class-B chopper consists of one IGBT switch and one diode.</li><li>Class-C and Class-D chopper consists of two IGBT switches and two diodes.</li><li>Class-E chopper consists of four IGBT switches and four diodes.</li></ol></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNxntlSHp1cMAb2YyMrlEdl5BwKPyuZMPRjNN71sZp9CAB3MG0A5LvOjv2pQaiKhAsgDd6ctk-KDXB2cBQN_Nq_UjGk8Vb5Vr-GFxOZr9Yl2XvDMKX0pbFwPqt0QEQomyfT_brHG-nuHUoNseqdVKg3C72NQXpLZLby_y6O4x-8x5WNRnLcf133xy4GA/s757/PE2203%20221202.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="561" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNxntlSHp1cMAb2YyMrlEdl5BwKPyuZMPRjNN71sZp9CAB3MG0A5LvOjv2pQaiKhAsgDd6ctk-KDXB2cBQN_Nq_UjGk8Vb5Vr-GFxOZr9Yl2XvDMKX0pbFwPqt0QEQomyfT_brHG-nuHUoNseqdVKg3C72NQXpLZLby_y6O4x-8x5WNRnLcf133xy4GA/w474-h640/PE2203%20221202.png" width="474" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 3 Classification of Chopper based on Circuit Diagram<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><br /><p></p><p></p><h4>Reference</h4><div style="text-align: justify;">M. H. Rashid, “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications,” Prentice Hall India, Second Edition, pp. 312-316, 2006.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h4>Author</h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaJ_WmFnm-es91ATKmvXKmUZ8apNYJlDrMuKzYDTAtX-QIGD8SvQRUwrcgffj17Bw2LaI5e41phEuw7ri0FlfUPho3Lw_02eNuZ0fr3NKPdipCa9TKp7puuZariExgEsiWBEg0k-ihphmGTroN6RWl9QxGcgwDzB81MKrTtivCOmHmwM5mUpmW9WEYVg=s269" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="235" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaJ_WmFnm-es91ATKmvXKmUZ8apNYJlDrMuKzYDTAtX-QIGD8SvQRUwrcgffj17Bw2LaI5e41phEuw7ri0FlfUPho3Lw_02eNuZ0fr3NKPdipCa9TKp7puuZariExgEsiWBEg0k-ihphmGTroN6RWl9QxGcgwDzB81MKrTtivCOmHmwM5mUpmW9WEYVg=w174-h200" width="174" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/2012/11/PSJamwal.html">Paramjeet Singh Jamwal</a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">authored 94+ articles on the <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basics%20of%20matlab%20programming">Basics of MATLAB Programming</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Power%20Electronics?&max-results=10">Power Electronics</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basics%20of%20matlab%20simulink?&max-results=10">Basics of MATLAB Simulink</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Basic%20Electrical%20Engineering?&max-results=10">Basic Electrical Engineering</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Power%20Station?&max-results=10">Power Station</a>, <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Electromagnetic%20Field%20Theory?&max-results=10">Electromagnetic Field Theory</a>, and many more for the <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/" target="_blank">INFO4EEE Website</a>.</div></div>Paramjeet Singh Jamwalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17551910447100903456noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3205861942090456166.post-83833658622255148442022-11-14T09:00:00.034+05:302022-11-14T09:00:00.163+05:30Convolution Recurrent Neural Network-Based Architecture<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtmBap61TmFzNPm-1Fo9v1z-0jYG5pkr9dT9X8FEOAW3hKzdhIcWCIW4m4pG7CdD-jxGuEkaZ5k3iDgnnb-zaNY1iUt6RteYWEW5amGPWm7AK0_WYRo4l08NxSdl8fsvm2knLx5uXDuyUyDfQ6_SMIyey7lOzJOQBU_bqwrqYOwgUvfqBKs9w156ASAA/s720/17.tif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtmBap61TmFzNPm-1Fo9v1z-0jYG5pkr9dT9X8FEOAW3hKzdhIcWCIW4m4pG7CdD-jxGuEkaZ5k3iDgnnb-zaNY1iUt6RteYWEW5amGPWm7AK0_WYRo4l08NxSdl8fsvm2knLx5uXDuyUyDfQ6_SMIyey7lOzJOQBU_bqwrqYOwgUvfqBKs9w156ASAA/w400-h400/17.tif" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Today is 14th November, celebrated as Children's Day in India. We all know how children are always curious to mix-up the things. So today's article is dedicated to the curiosity of mixing CNN and RNN about which we discussed in our last two articles of <a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Deep%20Learning" style="text-align: left;">Deep Learning</a> series.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Convolution recurrent neural network (CRNN) has advantages of both CNN and RNN. The output and input layers are dependent on each other because future computations depend on past computations. The hidden layers represent RNN as they are stored in memory. RNN is used as a memory storing element in various applications such as the implementation of video sequences and long short-term memory (LSTM). CRNN is trained using gradient backpropagation. Unlike feedforward network, it is difficult to optimize the large model.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="584" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSibnDWaq8pIUrVneC1wUlsHEI-xFj7PFLsNjvGIOUj9-nia7Zo_tbBt_kThYZRNRuAPG0v2lzmQnMO5WI9e7JRVcQpknf8IxVAKiLGTgpwlz8fZteDsZpG36CDb7c3GUYSqFXQHDbgqwkACApRyxDhGAbBpoOsbzACiDV0l3ARBiTQIZEIfeEY_Kr9A/w545-h362/3)%20crnn.tif" width="545" /></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;">The concept of LSTM will be discussed at the right time.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span>Akshay Juneja authored 15+ articles for INFO4EEE Website on </span><a href="https://www.info4eee.com/search/label/Deep%20Learning">Deep Learning</a><span>.</span></p><p></p>Akshay Junejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00648096632004164356noreply@blogger.com0